Article Sidebar

Submitted
Feb 8, 2025
Published
Feb 8, 2025
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 41 Download : 23

Main Article Content

Abstract

The proper functioning of human immune system is essential for organism survival against infectious, toxic and oncogenic agents. Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic materials that regulate the immune system and induce innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. These substances are classified into two types, immunostimulants and immunosuppressants. Immunostimulants can enhance body’s resistance against various infections through increasing the basal levels of immune response. These agents could increase the oxidative  activity  of  neutrophils,  augment  engulfment  activity  of phagocytic  cells  and  stimulate  cytotoxic  cells  as  necessary  defense  mechanisms.  The immunostimulants are classified on the basis of origin and mode of action such as bacterial products, complex  carbohydrates,  vaccines,  cytokines,  immunoenhancing  drugs, nutritional  factors,  animal  extracts,  and  plant  extracts. The link between immune system with diet, exercise, sleep, stress, microbial  exposure, alcohol, water,hygiene are  found  to influence the  immune response to  a greater extent.  Immunostimulants and some immunity enhancing nutrients improve the functioning of the immune system.


             

Keywords

Immunomodulators Immunostimulants Adjuvant Mechanism Immune system

Article Details

How to Cite
Manegar Akhleela, Anupama Priyadarshini, Maimoona Sadaf, Syeda Ummehani, Muskan, Sufiya Sanober, Saniya Nishath, Faizan Akram, G. Sudhakara Rao, & Shubam Nandu Thakare. (2025). The Role Of Immunostimulants In Improving The Immunity In Autoimmune Diseases. International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 14(1), 84-88. Retrieved from https://ijrpp.com/ijrpp/article/view/620
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. 1. Carter D, Reed SG. Role of adjuvants in modeling the immune response. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010; 5 (5): 409-13.
  2. 2. Galeotti M. Some aspects of the application of immunostimulants and a critical review of methods for their evaluation. J Appl Ichthyol. 1998; 14 (3-4): 189-99.
  3. 3. Dhama K, Saminathan M, Jacob SS, Singh M, Karthik K, Amarpal, Tiwari R, Sunkara LT, Malik YS, Singh RK. Effect of immunomodulation and immunomodulatory agents on health with some bioactive principles, modes of action and potent biomedical applications. Int J Pharmacol. 2015; 11 (4): 253-90.
  4. 4. Labh SN, Shakya SR. Application of immunostimulants as an alternative to vaccines for health management in aquaculture. Int J Fish Aquat St. 2014; 2 (1): 153-6.
  5. 5. Petrunov B, Nenkov P, Shekerdjiisky R. The role of immunostimulants in immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis. Biotechnol & Biotechnol Eq. 2007; 21(4): 454-63.
  6. 6. Patil US, Jaydeokar AV, Bandawane DD. Immunomodulators: A pharmacological review. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012; 4 (1): 30-6.
  7. 7. Biswajit D, Suvakanta D, Chandra CR, Jashabir C. An overview of levamisole hydrochloride with immunostimulant activity. Am J Pharm Health Res. 2014; 2 (4): 1-9.
  8. 8. Tsuruo T, Naganuma K, Iida H, Yamori T, Tsukagoshi S, Sakurai Y. Inhibition of lymph node metastasis of P388 leukemia by bestatin in mice. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1981; 34 (9): 1206-9.
  9. 9. Mathe G. Bestatin, an aminopeptidase inhibitor with a multipharmacological function. Biomed Pharmacoter. 1991; 45: 49-54.
  10. 10. Sirko A, Vanek T, Gora-Sochacka A, Redkiewicz P. Recombinant cytokines from plants. Int J Mol Sci. 2011; 12 (6): 3536-52.
  11. 11. Sahoo PK, Mukherjee SC. Effect of dietary β-1, 3 glucan on immune responses and disease resistance of healthy and aflatoxin B1-induced immunocompromised rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2001; 11 (8): 683-95.
  12. 12. Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Morales-González JA, SánchezGutiérrez M, Izquierdo-Vega JA, Reyes-Arellano A, ÁlvarezGonzález I, Pérez-Pasten R, Madrigal-Santillán E. Prevention of aflatoxin B1-induced DNA breaks by β-D-glucan. Toxins (Basel). 2015; 7 (6): 2145-58.
  13. 13. Vetvicka V. Glucan-immunostimulant, adjuvant, potential drug. World J Clin Oncol. 2011; 2 (2): 115-9.
  14. 14. Davtyan H, Ghochikyan A, Hovakimyan A, Petrushina I, Yu J, Flyer D, Madsen PJ, Pedersen LO, Cribbs DH, Agadjanyan MG. Immunostimulant patches containing Escherichia coli LT enhance immune responses to DNA and recombinant proteinbased Alzheimer's disease vaccines. J Neuroimmunology. 2014; 268 (1-2): 50-7.
  15. 15. Mkrtichyan M, Ghochikyan A, Movsesyan N, Karapetyan A, Begoyan G, Yu J, Glenn GM, Ross TM, Agadjanyan MG, Cribbs DH. Immunostimulant adjuvant patch enhances humoral and cellular immune responses to DNA immunization. DNA Cell Biol. 2008; 27 (1): 19-24.
  16. 16. Garçon N, Leroux-Roels G, Cheng WF. Understanding modern vaccines: Perspectives in Vaccinology. Elsevier BV. 2011; 1: 89-113. 23. Pasquale AD, Preiss S, Da Silva FT, Garçon N. Vaccine adjuvants: from 1920 to 2015 and Beyond. Vaccines (Basel). 2015; 3 (2): 320-43.
  17. 17. Parant M, Audibert F, Parant F, Chedid L, Soler E, Polonsky J, Lederer E. Non-specific immunostimulant activities of synthetic Trehalose-6, 6'-Diester. Infect Immun. 1978; 20 (1): 12-9.
  18. 18. Oswald IP, Dozois CM, Petit JF, Lemaire G. Interleukin-12 synthesis is a required step in Trehalose Dimycolate-induced activation of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Infect Immun. 1997; 65 (4): 1364-9.
  19. 19. Song SK, Beck BR, Kim D, Park J, Kim J, Kim HD, Ringø E. Prebiotics as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2014; 40 (1): 40-8.
  20. 20. Frech SA, Kenney RT, Spyr CA, Lazar H, Viret JF, Herzog C, Glück R, Glenn GM. Improved immune responses to influenza vaccination in the elderly using an immunostimulant patch. Vaccine. 2005; 23 (7): 946-50.