Main Article Content
Abstract
Hypertension is caused by increased blood pressure due to increased cardiac output and/or increased peripheral resistance. Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide. Owing to the widespread use of antihypertensive medications, global mean blood pressure (BP) has remained constant or has decreased slightly over the past four decades. By contrast, the prevalence of hypertension has increased, especially in low- and middle-income countries.This article includes various types of hypertension,different pathological approaches such as based on autonomic nervous system and RAAS mechanism endothelial dysfunction,based on thrombophylia ,based on genetical cause.And it includes risks of getting hypertension and usual clinical manifestations were addressed , and also added diagnostic approaches and management of hypertension which includes both pharmacological and non pharmacological.
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References
- 1. Barker DJP, Osmond C, Golding J, Kuh D, Wadsworth MEJ. Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life and mortality from cardiovascular disease. BMJ. 1989;298(6673):564-7. doi: 10.1136/bmj.298.6673.564, PMID 2495113.
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- 3. Harrap SB. Hypertension: geneversusenvironment. Lancet. 1994;344(8916):169-71. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92762-6, PMID 7912770.
- 4. Hughes AD, Schachter M. Hypertensionandbloodvessels. BrBull. 1994;50:356-70.
- 5. Kurtz TW. Genetic models of hypertension. Lancet. 1994;344(8916):167-8. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92761-8, PMID 7912769.
- 6. Lip GYH, Li-Saw-Hee FL. Does hypertension confer ahypercoagulablestate? J Hypertens. 1998;16(7):913-6. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199816070-00003, PMID 9794730.
- 7. Mathias CJ. Role of sympathetic efferent nerves in blood pressure regulation and in hypertension. Hypertension. 1991;18(5);Suppl:III22-30. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.18.5_suppl.iii22, PMID 1937684.
- 8. Sagnella G, Macgregor GA. Atrianatriureticpeptides. Med. 1990;77:1001-7.
- 9. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206-52. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2, PMID 14656957
- 10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. High blood pressure [cited Mar 21, 2009]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/.
References
1. Barker DJP, Osmond C, Golding J, Kuh D, Wadsworth MEJ. Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life and mortality from cardiovascular disease. BMJ. 1989;298(6673):564-7. doi: 10.1136/bmj.298.6673.564, PMID 2495113.
2. Dzau VJ. Circulating versus local renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular homeostasis. Circulation. 1988;77(6 Pt 2);Suppl 1:I4-13. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.77.5.947, PMID 3286045.
3. Harrap SB. Hypertension: geneversusenvironment. Lancet. 1994;344(8916):169-71. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92762-6, PMID 7912770.
4. Hughes AD, Schachter M. Hypertensionandbloodvessels. BrBull. 1994;50:356-70.
5. Kurtz TW. Genetic models of hypertension. Lancet. 1994;344(8916):167-8. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92761-8, PMID 7912769.
6. Lip GYH, Li-Saw-Hee FL. Does hypertension confer ahypercoagulablestate? J Hypertens. 1998;16(7):913-6. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199816070-00003, PMID 9794730.
7. Mathias CJ. Role of sympathetic efferent nerves in blood pressure regulation and in hypertension. Hypertension. 1991;18(5);Suppl:III22-30. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.18.5_suppl.iii22, PMID 1937684.
8. Sagnella G, Macgregor GA. Atrianatriureticpeptides. Med. 1990;77:1001-7.
9. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206-52. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2, PMID 14656957
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. High blood pressure [cited Mar 21, 2009]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/.