Main Article Content
Abstract
The present research was focused in drawing the pharmacopoeial monographs along with preliminary phytochemical analysis of Annona muricata Linn (leaf). Pharmacognostical studies and phytochemical analysis was carried out by using standard procedures. Pharmacognostical parameters such as macroscopy, microscopy, quantitative microscopy, powder analysis, behaviour of powder with various reagent. Phytochemical screening of the hydroalcoholic extract was performed to investigate the presence of secondary metabolites. Leaves of Annona muricata, simple entire margin, equal base acuminate apex, length - 6.48-12.68cm, breadth 2.08- 4.4cm, alternate phyllotaxy and reticulate venation. Transverse section of leaf showed upper epidermis with thin cuticle, followed by ground cells nad mid rib, that consists of vascular bundle, parenchymatous cells and collenchyma. Quantitative microscopy parameters such as vein islet number, vein termination number, stomatal number, stomatal index and epidermal cells. Powder microscopical analysis showed the presence of uniseriate multicellular covering trichomes, pitted vessels, bundle of fibres and calcium oxalate crystals. Behaviour of powder with various reagent characterised the colour change under visible light and UV of short and long wavelength. Preliminary Phytochemical screening detect the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, reducing sugar and phenolic compounds. The results have established a clear identification, authentication pharmacognostical frame work for the leaves of Anona muricata. The results of this study reported that hydroalcoholic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and phenols.
Keywords
Annona muricata
Pharmacognostical
Phytochemical analysis
Article Details
How to Cite
Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Annona muricata Linn. (2025). International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 14(3), 430-437. https://ijrpp.com/ijrpp/article/view/717
How to Cite
Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Annona muricata Linn. (2025). International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 14(3), 430-437. https://ijrpp.com/ijrpp/article/view/717
References
-
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http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.2001.05.027
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8. Adewole S, Ojewole J (2009) Protective effects of Annona muricata Linn.(annonaceae) leaf aqueous extract on serum lipid profiles and oxidative stress in hepatocytes of streptozotocin treated diabetic rats. Afr J Traditional Complement Altern Med 6(1):30-41. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v6i1.57071
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References
1. Pinto ADQ, Maria Cristina Rocha Cordeiro, Solange RM, Andrade Ferreira FR (2005) Annona species International Centre for underutilised crops. University of Southampton. pp 4.
2. Evqangelu - Lozano SJG. Cruz-Castillo SP, Pérez-González, Mercado-Silva E, Dávila-Ortize G (2003) Production calidated fruticola de guanbanos (Annona Muricataa L) provenients de semilla de Jiutepee, Morelos, Mexico. Revisita Cahpingo Seris Horticulture 9 (1); 69-79.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.2001.05.027
3. Gbeassoer M, Kedjagni AY, Koumaglo K, DE Souza C, Agho K, Aklokokou K, Amego Kaa (1990) In vitro anti -malarial activity of six medicinal plants. Phytotherapy Research 4 (3): 115-117. https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-8490.178646
4. HoldsworthFB, AhamedDH, (1994) Medicinal Plants of Sabah, Malayasia, Part -II. The Murutus. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 12: 4: 378-383, (fac. Res. Sci. Tech. Unity, Malaysia arawakm.
5. Santos A Ed, Sant Ana. Aeg (2001) Molluscidial properties of some species of Annona. Phytomedicine 8 (2):115-120. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00008
6. Mors WBCT, Rizzzinin and N.A. Pereira (2000) Medicinal plants of Brazil. Algonac, Michigan Reference publication pp 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np000750m
7. Iham M, Yadav M, Norhanom AW (1995) Tumour promoting activity of plants used in Malayasian Trdaitional medicine. Natural Products Science 11: 31-42. https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-7847.99943
8. Adewole S, Ojewole J (2009) Protective effects of Annona muricata Linn.(annonaceae) leaf aqueous extract on serum lipid profiles and oxidative stress in hepatocytes of streptozotocin treated diabetic rats. Afr J Traditional Complement Altern Med 6(1):30-41. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v6i1.57071
9. Badrie, N. and A.G. Schauss, Soursop (Annona muricata L.(2010): composition, nutritional value, medicinal uses, and toxicology, in Bioactive foods in promoting health. Bioactive foods in promoting heath, Academic Press. pp 621-643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374628-3.00039-6.
10. Hajdu,Z. and J. Hohmann (2012)An ethnopharmacological survey of the traditional medicine utilized in the community oof Porvenir, Bajo Paragua Indian Reservation, Bolivia. J ethnopharmaco129(3): 838-857. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.029. Epub 2011 Dec 27.
11. Ezuruike UF, Prieto JM (2014) The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: pharmacological and toxicological considerations. J Ethnopharmacol155(2): 857 -924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.055(2012)
12. Torres MP, Rachagani S, Purohit V, Pandey P, Joshi S, Moore ED, Johansson SL, Singh PK, Ganti AK, Batra SK ( 2012) Graviola: a novel promising natural derived drug that inhibits tumorigenicity and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo through altering cell metabolism. Cancer letters 323 April (1): 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.031
13. Gavamukulya Y, Abou-Elella F, Wamunyokoli F, AEl-Shemy H (2014) Phytochemical screening, anti-oxidant activity and in vitro anticancer potential of ethanolic and water leaves of extracts of Annona muricata (Graviola).Asian Pac J Trop Med. Sep;7 S1:S355-63. doi: 10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60258-3.
14. Yang H, Liu N, Lee, S (2016) Ethanol Extract of Annona Muricata. L Induces Liver Cancer Cell Apoptosis Through POS Pathway. Biomed &Pharmacol J 9(3): p. 919-925. https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1030.
15. Banerjee A, Aniruudi S, Maji BK, Nandi A (2017) Possible Cytotoxic Activity of Annona muricata Leaves in Huh-7 human liver cancer cells. Hepatol Pancreat Sci. 1(104): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2573-4563.1000104
16. Syed Najmuddin, NU. Romli MF, Hamid M, Alitheen NB, Nik Abd Rahman NM (2016) Anti-cancer effect of Annona Muricata Linn Leaves Crude Extract (AMCE) on breast cancer cell line. BMC Complement Altern Med Aug 24;16(1): p.30-37. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1290-y
17. Moghadantonsi SZ (2015) The chemopotential effect of Annona muricata leaves against azoxymethane induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats and the apoptotic effect od acetgenin annomuracin E in Ht -29 cells. A biosaasy – guided fraction guided approach, Pto S one. 10 4 e 0122238. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122288
18. Wahab NZ, Ibraham N,Kamruddin MH , Lavanan F. Juhil H, Ghazzali A (2018) Cytotoxicity and anti viral of Annona muricata aqueous leaves extract against Dengue virus type2 . Journal of Fund Appl Science 10 (13):580-589. http://doi.org /10.4.314/jfas.v,loils.41
19. Kim GS. Zeng L. Alali F, Rogers LL, Wu FE. McLaughlin JL, Sastrodihardjo S (1998) Two new mono-tetrahydrofuran ring acetogenins, annomuricin E and muricapentocin from the leaves of Annona muricata. J. Nat. Prod. 6( 1) : 432-436. [Cross Ref]. https://doi.org/10.1021/np970534m
20. Liaw CC Chang FR, Wu CC, Chen SL, Bastow KF , Hayashi KI, Nozaki H, Lee KH, Wu YC (2004) Nine New Cytotoxic Monotetrahydrofuranic Annonaceous Acetogenins from Annona montana. Planta Med. 70:948–959. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-832622.
21. Lali Growther (2018). Anti-cancer activity of Annona muricata leaf extrcats and Screenong For bio active phytochemicals . Int J Phar and Biol Sci 8 (1Jan- Mar 475-481.
22. Gundala SR, Mukkavilli R, Vangala S, Reid MD, Aneja R (2015) Synergistic Interactions among Flavonoids and Acetogenins in Graviola (Annona muricata) Leaves Confer Protection against Prostate Cancer. Carcinogen 36, 656– 665. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcarcin%2Fbgv046.
23. Chen H, Weng C, Tseng CM (2003) Anti oxidative ad anti- mutagenic activities of health,herbal drinks fromm Chines medicinal herbs, Amer J Chin Medi 31 : 523-532. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x0300120x.
24. Adjanohoun JE, Aboubakar N, Dramane K, Ebot ME, Ekpere JA, Enow-Orock EG, Focho D, Gbile ZO, Kamanyi A, Kamsu-Kom J (1996) Traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia; contribution to ethnobotanical and floristic studies in Cameroon. OUA/STRC. Lagos, p 30124 . http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/pp.2015.68039.
25. Matsushige A, Matsunami K, Kotake Y, Otsuka H, Ohta SJ(2012) Three new megastigmanes from the leves of Annona muricata . J Nat med 66 (2) : 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-011-0583-1
26. Nawwar M, Ayoub N, Hussein S, Hashim A, El-Sharawy R,Wende K, Harms M, Lindequist U. (2012) A Flavonol Triglycoside and Investigation of the Antioxidant and Cell Stimulating Activities of A. Muricata Linn. Arch. Pharm. Res. 35 :761–767. doi: 10.1007/s12272-012-0501-4.
27. Moghaamitousi SZ, Rouhollahi E, Hajirazoir M,Karuinian H, Abdulla M.A,Kadil H.A,(2015) Annona muricataleaves accelerate wound healing in rats via involvement of hsp 70 and anti oxidant defense. International Journal of Surgery, 18: 110-117 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.03.026
28. Moghadamtousi SZ, Fadaeinasav M, Niakzad S, Mohan G, Ali HM, Kadir HA (2015) Annona muricata (Annonaceae). A Review of its traditional uses, isolated acetogenins and biologicalactivities. Int J of Mol Sci 16 (7):15625-15658. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160715625
29. Harsha C, Banik K,Bordoloi D, Kunnumakkara AB (2017) Antiulcer Properties of Fruits and Vegetables A Mechanism Based Perspective. Food Chem. Toxicol. 108: 104–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.023
30. Padma P, Pramod NP, Thyagarajan SP, Khosa RL (1998) Effect of the extract of Annona muricata and Petunia nyctaginiflora on herpes simplex viruus. J of Ethnopharmacol 61(1):81-83. https;//doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00013-0,
31. Adewole SO, Caxton-Martins EA (2006) Morphological changes and hypoglycemic effects of Annona muricata linn.(annonaceae) leaf aqueous extract on pancreatic beta cells of streptozotocin treated diabetic rats. Afr J Biomed Res 9 (3): http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajbr.v9i3.48903
32. Osorio E, Arango GJ. Jiménez N, Alzate F. Ruiz G. Gutiérrez D, Paco MA, Giménez A, Robledo S (2007) Antiprotozoal and Cytotoxic Activities in Vitro of Colombian Annonaceae. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1 (11) :630–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.01.015
33. Leesombun A, Boonmasawai S. Nishikawa Y (2019) Ethanol Extracts from Thai Plants have Anti-Plasmodium and Anti-Toxoplasma Activities In Vitro. Acta Parasitol. 64, 257–261. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11686-019-00036-w
34. Florence NT, Benoit MZ, Jonas K, Alexandra T, Désiré DDP. Pierre K, Théophile D (2014)Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effects of A. muricata (Annonaceae), Aqueous Extract on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Ethnopharmacol.151:784–790. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.021.
35. Nwokocha CR ,Ow DU, Gordon A, Thaxter K, Mccalla G, Ozolua R, Young L(2012) Possible Mechanisms of Action of the Hypotensive Effect of Annona ricata (Soursop) in Normotensive Sprague Dawley Rats. Pharm. Biol. 50, 1436–1441. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2012.684690
36. De Pinto NCC, Campos LM, Evangelista ACS. Lemos ASO, Silva TP, Melo RCN, de Lourenço, CC,Salvador MJ, Apolônio ACM, Cio E(2017) Antimicrobial Annona muricata L. (Soursop) Extract Targets the Cell Membranes of Gram-Positive and Gram92-Negative Bacteria. Ind. Crops Prod. 107, 332–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.05.054
37. Syed Najmuddin SU, Romli MF, Hamid , Alitheen NB, Nik Abd Rahman NMA (2016) Anti-cancer effect of Annona Muricata Linn Leaves Crude Extract (AMCE) on breast cancer cell line. BMC Complement Altern. Med., 16, 311. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1290-y
38. Zorofchian Moghadamtousi S Karimian H, Rouhollahi E, Paydar M, Fadaeinasab M, Abdul Kadir H (2014) Annona muricata leaves induce G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated pathway in human HCT-116 and HT-29 colon cancer cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 156, 277-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.011
39. Pieme AA, Kumar GG, Dongmo SS, MoukettE MM, Boyoum FF, Ngogang YY, Saxena KK (2014)Antiproliferative Activity and Induction of Apoptosis by Annona muricata (Annonaceae) Extract on Human Cancer Cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 14, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-516
40. Hadisaputri, Y.E.; Habibah, U.; Abdullah, F.F.; Halimah, E.; Mutakin, M.; Abdulah, R. (2021) Antiproliferation Activity and Apoptotic Mechanism of Soursop ( Annona muricata L.) Leaves Extract and Fractions on MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells. Breast Cancer Targets Ther. 13, 447–457. https://doi.org/10.2147/bctt.s317682
41. Baskar R, Rajeswari V, Kumar TS. (2007) in vitro anti- oxidant studies of leaves of Annona species. International Journal of Endogenous Biology may 45 : 480- 485.
42. Adefegha SA, Oyeleye SI, Oboh G (2015) Distribution of Phenolic Contents, Antidiabetic Potentials, Antihypertensive Properties and Antioxidative Effects of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Fruit Parts in Vitro. Biochem. Res. Int. 347673. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/347673
43. 43. Trivedi GN, Karlekar JT, Dhamliya HA, Panchal H (2020) A Review on the novel coronavirus disease based on insilico- analysis of various dose and target proteins. J Pure Appl Microbio 10(2): 14 spl. 849-860.https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.14.SPL1.22
44. Oyabemiji AK, Oladipo EK, Olotu TM, Anoyli HE, Adamoleun E,Semina B (2020) In vitro investigation onselected compounds in Annona muricata seed.Apotential SAS-COV/ nsp12 Polymerase inhibtors downregaltion. 2019 n Cov . IntJ Trad Nat Med 10 (2) : 13-23. DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00223-5
45. Orelando vierire de Souce, Glassicimen Dl- Vechio viere, Jose de Jesus RC, depinho,Celia Hitoni Yamamoto andMArie Silvanav Alves (2010) Antinoceptive and anti inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of Annon muricata L leaves in animal models. Int J Mole Sci 11: 2067-2078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11052067
46. Abdul Wahab SM, Jantar I, Haquo MP Arshidlizol (2018) Exploring the leaves of Annona muricata , anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent. Front Pharmacol 9 : 661.http//: doi .org/10.339/fphas 2018.00331
47. Adymi DAM, Komolafa OA, Adewole OB, Obutor EM, Adenoo TK (2009) Anti hypeglycemic activities of Annona muricata Afri J Trad Comple & Alt Med 6:32-69. DOI:10.5580/293b
48. D.AdevemiO, KomolafeS.O.AdewolE. ObuotorT.Adenow (2008) Effects of Annona muricata in the morphology of pancreatice islet cells of experimentally induced diabetic Wister rats. Internet J Int med 5:2: DOI: 10.5580/229c corpus ID: 2209164.
49. Marie P, Satyanarayan R, Vince P, Boomy P, Suhasini J, Erik M, Soney J, Pankaj Singh, Apar KG, Surinder RB (2012) Graviola : novel promosing nature derived drug that metastatsis of Pancreatic cancer cell in vitro and invivo through alternating cell metabolism. Cancer Lett 323:29-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.031
50. Jaramillo M., Arankyo G ,Robeledo,S, Velab I D., Gobazalz M, (2001) Cytotoxicicty and anti leishmanial activities of Annona muricata pericarp. Fitoterapia 71:183-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0367-326x(99)00138-0
51. Anonymous,WHO guidelines, Quality control of medicinal plant materials 1998. Geneva, pp 22.
52. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Govt of India, Ministry of health and Family welfare, Dept of Indian Medicine & homeopathy, New Delhi, part I ,volume II , 187-189.
53. Kokoski CJ,Kokoski RJ,Slama FJ (1958) Fluorescence of Powdered vegetable drugs under ultra violet radiation. J Am Pharm Assoc 47(10):715-717.https:// doi.org/10.1002/jps.3030471010
54. Harbourne JB 1998 Phytochemical methods a guide to Modern techniques of plant analysis, 3rd edition, Chapmam & Hall, Madras. pp 40.
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32. Osorio E, Arango GJ. Jiménez N, Alzate F. Ruiz G. Gutiérrez D, Paco MA, Giménez A, Robledo S (2007) Antiprotozoal and Cytotoxic Activities in Vitro of Colombian Annonaceae. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1 (11) :630–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.01.015
33. Leesombun A, Boonmasawai S. Nishikawa Y (2019) Ethanol Extracts from Thai Plants have Anti-Plasmodium and Anti-Toxoplasma Activities In Vitro. Acta Parasitol. 64, 257–261. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11686-019-00036-w
34. Florence NT, Benoit MZ, Jonas K, Alexandra T, Désiré DDP. Pierre K, Théophile D (2014)Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effects of A. muricata (Annonaceae), Aqueous Extract on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Ethnopharmacol.151:784–790. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.021.
35. Nwokocha CR ,Ow DU, Gordon A, Thaxter K, Mccalla G, Ozolua R, Young L(2012) Possible Mechanisms of Action of the Hypotensive Effect of Annona ricata (Soursop) in Normotensive Sprague Dawley Rats. Pharm. Biol. 50, 1436–1441. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2012.684690
36. De Pinto NCC, Campos LM, Evangelista ACS. Lemos ASO, Silva TP, Melo RCN, de Lourenço, CC,Salvador MJ, Apolônio ACM, Cio E(2017) Antimicrobial Annona muricata L. (Soursop) Extract Targets the Cell Membranes of Gram-Positive and Gram92-Negative Bacteria. Ind. Crops Prod. 107, 332–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.05.054
37. Syed Najmuddin SU, Romli MF, Hamid , Alitheen NB, Nik Abd Rahman NMA (2016) Anti-cancer effect of Annona Muricata Linn Leaves Crude Extract (AMCE) on breast cancer cell line. BMC Complement Altern. Med., 16, 311. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1290-y
38. Zorofchian Moghadamtousi S Karimian H, Rouhollahi E, Paydar M, Fadaeinasab M, Abdul Kadir H (2014) Annona muricata leaves induce G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated pathway in human HCT-116 and HT-29 colon cancer cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 156, 277-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.011
39. Pieme AA, Kumar GG, Dongmo SS, MoukettE MM, Boyoum FF, Ngogang YY, Saxena KK (2014)Antiproliferative Activity and Induction of Apoptosis by Annona muricata (Annonaceae) Extract on Human Cancer Cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 14, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-516
40. Hadisaputri, Y.E.; Habibah, U.; Abdullah, F.F.; Halimah, E.; Mutakin, M.; Abdulah, R. (2021) Antiproliferation Activity and Apoptotic Mechanism of Soursop ( Annona muricata L.) Leaves Extract and Fractions on MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells. Breast Cancer Targets Ther. 13, 447–457. https://doi.org/10.2147/bctt.s317682
41. Baskar R, Rajeswari V, Kumar TS. (2007) in vitro anti- oxidant studies of leaves of Annona species. International Journal of Endogenous Biology may 45 : 480- 485.
42. Adefegha SA, Oyeleye SI, Oboh G (2015) Distribution of Phenolic Contents, Antidiabetic Potentials, Antihypertensive Properties and Antioxidative Effects of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Fruit Parts in Vitro. Biochem. Res. Int. 347673. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/347673
43. 43. Trivedi GN, Karlekar JT, Dhamliya HA, Panchal H (2020) A Review on the novel coronavirus disease based on insilico- analysis of various dose and target proteins. J Pure Appl Microbio 10(2): 14 spl. 849-860.https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.14.SPL1.22
44. Oyabemiji AK, Oladipo EK, Olotu TM, Anoyli HE, Adamoleun E,Semina B (2020) In vitro investigation onselected compounds in Annona muricata seed.Apotential SAS-COV/ nsp12 Polymerase inhibtors downregaltion. 2019 n Cov . IntJ Trad Nat Med 10 (2) : 13-23. DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00223-5
45. Orelando vierire de Souce, Glassicimen Dl- Vechio viere, Jose de Jesus RC, depinho,Celia Hitoni Yamamoto andMArie Silvanav Alves (2010) Antinoceptive and anti inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of Annon muricata L leaves in animal models. Int J Mole Sci 11: 2067-2078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11052067
46. Abdul Wahab SM, Jantar I, Haquo MP Arshidlizol (2018) Exploring the leaves of Annona muricata , anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent. Front Pharmacol 9 : 661.http//: doi .org/10.339/fphas 2018.00331
47. Adymi DAM, Komolafa OA, Adewole OB, Obutor EM, Adenoo TK (2009) Anti hypeglycemic activities of Annona muricata Afri J Trad Comple & Alt Med 6:32-69. DOI:10.5580/293b
48. D.AdevemiO, KomolafeS.O.AdewolE. ObuotorT.Adenow (2008) Effects of Annona muricata in the morphology of pancreatice islet cells of experimentally induced diabetic Wister rats. Internet J Int med 5:2: DOI: 10.5580/229c corpus ID: 2209164.
49. Marie P, Satyanarayan R, Vince P, Boomy P, Suhasini J, Erik M, Soney J, Pankaj Singh, Apar KG, Surinder RB (2012) Graviola : novel promosing nature derived drug that metastatsis of Pancreatic cancer cell in vitro and invivo through alternating cell metabolism. Cancer Lett 323:29-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.031
50. Jaramillo M., Arankyo G ,Robeledo,S, Velab I D., Gobazalz M, (2001) Cytotoxicicty and anti leishmanial activities of Annona muricata pericarp. Fitoterapia 71:183-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0367-326x(99)00138-0
51. Anonymous,WHO guidelines, Quality control of medicinal plant materials 1998. Geneva, pp 22.
52. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Govt of India, Ministry of health and Family welfare, Dept of Indian Medicine & homeopathy, New Delhi, part I ,volume II , 187-189.
53. Kokoski CJ,Kokoski RJ,Slama FJ (1958) Fluorescence of Powdered vegetable drugs under ultra violet radiation. J Am Pharm Assoc 47(10):715-717.https:// doi.org/10.1002/jps.3030471010
54. Harbourne JB 1998 Phytochemical methods a guide to Modern techniques of plant analysis, 3rd edition, Chapmam & Hall, Madras. pp 40.