Main Article Content
Abstract
The use of herbal medicine in healthcare has increased, with some extracts showing effectiveness for certain illnesses. Despite the public's misinformation, herbal remedies have potential hazards. More research is needed to determine if herbal treatments are more beneficial than harmful for specific ailments. The plant Caesalpinia pulcherrima, commonly used in India's traditional medical systems, has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and immunosuppressive properties. This article highlights the phytochemical and pharmacological features of the plant.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- 1. Varier P S. Indian Medicinal Plants: A compendium of 500 species. Vol I. Orient Longman; 1994: 315-323.
- 2. Guha D N, Pal D C. A Lexicon of Medicinal Plants in India. Vol-I. 1999:335-336
- 3. The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products-Raw Materials Series. Vol. II. Publication and Information Directorate. CSIR. New Delhi;1988: 14-16.
- 4. Pawar C R, Amol D L, Sanjay J S. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2008; 1(2): 135-143.
- 5. Kirtikar K R, Basu B D. Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol I. International Book Distributors. Dehradun (India) 1987:847.
- 6. Rajyalaxmi R, Ravikanth V and Jansi Lakshmi VV. Pharmacological study of caesalpiniceae species. Probe. 1982; 22: 35-83.
- 7. Moon C K, Park K S, Kim S G, Won H S. Chung JH. Phytochemical evaluation of C. pulcherrima. Planta Med. 1985, 66
- 8. Nigam P, Kannan E, Bhojraj S. Compounds from Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 1977; 39:85-88
- 9. Namikoshi M, Nakata H, Tamotsu S. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1987; 35: 2761-3615.
- 10. Namikoshi M, Nakta H, Tamotsu S. Homoisoflavonoids from Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Phytochemistry.1987; 26:1831-33.
- 11. Bo Ou Yang, Chang-Qiang Ke, Zhi-Sheng He, Yi-Ping Yang. Brazilide A. A Novel Lactone with an Unprecedented Skeleton from C. pulcherrima. Tetrahedron. 2002; 43:1731-33.
- 12. Chiaki Fuke, Johji Yamahara, Takashi Shimokawa, Junei-Kinjo. Aromatic compounds related to brazilin from Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Phytochemistry.1985;24: 2403-05.
- 13. Thanh M, Ngyen T, Awale S, Tezuka Y, Tran OL and Kadota S, Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors from the Heartwood of Vietnamese Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Tetrahedron. 2004; 45: 8519-8522.
- 14. Luiz F C, de Oliveira, Eudes S, Velozo M. Vibrational spectroscopic study of brazilin and brazilein, the main constituents of Brazilwood from Brazil. Vibrational spectroscopy. 2002; 28: 243-249.
- 15. Kim D S. Baek N I. Jung K Y. NMR assignment of brazilein. Phytochemisry.1997; 46: 177-17.
- 16. Oh S R, Kim D S, Lee I S, Jung K Y. Isolation of brazilin & brazilein from. Planta Med.1998; 64: 456-458.
- 17. Prajapati Purohit, Sharma Kumar. A Handbook of Medicinal Plants: A Complete Source Book. Agrobios (India). 2003: 101.
- 18. Quraishi and Khan. Industrial application of Brazil Wood. Pakistan Journal For. 1965;15:250.
- 19. Hikino P H, Freisleben H J, Rumampuk R J. Anti-inflammatory principles of wood and of Haematoxylon campechianum wood. Planta Med. 1977; 31: 214.
- 20. Yadava V, Dinda B and Saha S. Isolation of Oils from Ceasalpinia pulcherrima, Indian Perfumer. 22,1978, 73.
- 21. Oswal and Garg. Nutritional important of Brazil wood. Seifen ole fatte Wachs. 1984; 110: 577.
- 22. Xu H, Zhou Z H, Yang J S. Compounds from L. Chinese Medical and Research. 1994; 9 (8): 485-486.511.
- 23. Nagai M, Nagumo S, Eguchi I, Lee SM and Suzuki T. Pulcherrimachalcone from Caesalpinia pulcherrima L., the proposed biosynthetic precursor of brazilin. Yakugaku Zasshi.1984; 104(9): 935- 938.
- 24. Beak N I, Jeon S G, Ahn E M, Bahn J H. Anticonvulsant compounds from the wood of L. Archives of Pharmacal Research. 2000; 23(4): 344- 348.
- 25. Safitri R, Tarigan P, Freisleben H J, Rumampuk R J. Antioxidant activity in vitro of two aromatic compounds from L. Biofactors. 2003; 19(1-2): 71-77.
- 26. Niranjan Reddy V L, Ravikanth V, Jansi Lakshmi V V. Suryanarayan Murty U. Venkateswarlu Y. Inhibitory activity of homoisoflavonoids from against Beauveria bassiana. Fitoterapia. 2003; 74(6): 600-602.
- 27. Badami S, Geetha B, Sharma S V, Rajan S. Suresh B. Microwave-assisted rapid extraction of red dye from heartwood. Natural Products and Research. 2007; 21(12):1091-1098.
- 28. Kharbade B V, Agrawal O P. Identification of natural red dyes in old Indian textiles. Evaluation of thin-layer chromatographic systems. Journal of Chromatography. 1985; 347: 447-454.
- 29. Cuddapah Rajaram, Kandula Ravindra Reddy, Kothapalli Bonnth Chandra Sekhar. Evaluation of anti-arthritic activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima in freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritic rat model. Journal for Young Pharmacist. 2015; 7(2): 128-132.
- 30. Mulik S S, Patil V M, Patil S S. Isolation, Characterisation and Evaluation of Anti-Asthmatic Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology. 2022; 9(6): 503-07.
- 31. Afroz T, Ramproshad S, Mondal B, Haque A, Khan R. Antidiarrhoeal and Analgesic Activity of Barks of Medicinal Plant Caesalpinia pulcherrima. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2013; 4(5): 1946-1949.
- 32. Osuntokun O T, Julianah J U and Thonda O A. Bioprospective Screening of Antibacterial and Phytochemical Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Pride of Barbados) on Selected Clinical Isolate. Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal. 2017; 1(3): 01-11.
- 33. Kumar D, Singh J, Baghotia A, Kumar S. Anticonvulsant effect of the ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw., Fabaceae, leaves. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2010; 20(5): 751-755.
- 34. Afroz T, Ramproshad S, Mondal B, Haque A, Khan R. Antidiarrhoeal and Analgesic Activity of Barks of Medicinal Plant Caesalpinia pulcherrima. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2013; 4(5): 1946-1949.
- 35. Angela B F. Carrington-Dyall, Shekaib A I, Nickelia E, Clarke-Jordan. Water Extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Flowers Increases Glucose Uptake in Insulin Resistant Adipocytes in A Dose-Dependent Manner. Era’s Journal of Medical Research. 2020; 7(2): 172-75.
- 36. Balasundaram M, Dhanesh Gandhi A, Kavitha P, Babujanarthanam R. Effect of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. seeds on serum glucose and other metabolic parameters of normal and alloxan - induced diabetic rats. Diabesity. 2018; 4(3): 9-16.
- 37. Raj A, Sharma A, Singh N, Kumar P, Singh A, Bhatia V and Sharma S K. Studies on Anti-Fertility Activity of Peacock Flower (Caesalpinia pulcherrima) On Uterine Morphology of Rat (Rattus rattus). Applications in Research. 2011; 7-15.
- 38. Cristiane Moutinho Lagos de Melo a, Iranildo José da Cruz Filho a, Georon Ferreira de Sousa a, et al. Lignin isolated from Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaves has antioxidant, antifungal and immunostimulatory activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020; 162: 1725–1733.
- 39. Satwadhar N D, Mehta P, Patil S R, Mute V M. Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L). Bark Against Pheretima posthuma. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 4(1): 76-77.
- 40. Rao Y K, Fang S H, Tzeng Y M. Anti-inflammatory Activities of Flavonoids Isolated from Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005; 100: 249–253.
- 41. Ogbeide O K, Akhigbe I U, Unuigbe C A, Erharuyi O. Isolation, Characterisation And In Vivo Anti-Malarial Investigation of Pulcherrimin A from Caesalpinia pulcherrima Stem Bark. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 12(2): 056-063.
- 42. Ogu Gi, Aisuodionoe Me and Nwachukwu Pu. Anti-Plasmodial Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Swarts) Stem Bark Extract Against Plasmodium berghei in Albino Mice. International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences. 2012; 1(2): 168-178.
- 43. Donga T H, Wen Ninga A Y and Tang Y Q. Network Pharmacology-Integrated Molecular Docking Analysis of Phytocompounds of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Peacock Flower) as Potential Anti-Metastatic Agents. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2023; 42(4): 1778–1794.
- 44. Kumbhare M and Thangavel S. Anti-inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity of Pods of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011; 1(7): 180-184.
- 45. Yamuna S T, Padma P R. Antioxidant potential of the flowers of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Swartz in an in vitro system subjected to oxidative stress. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2013; 7: 661-665.
- 46. Pomsawan N, Kittakoop P, Boonphong S, Nongkunsarn P. Antitubercular Cassan Furanoditerpinoids from the Roots of Ceasalpinia pulcherrima. Planta Med. 2003; 69: 776-777.
- 47. Gilani S M U, Roshan R, Ahemd S, Mohtasheem M H. Antitussive Effect of Aerial Parts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. by Sulfur Dioxide Induced Cough in Rats. RADS Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. 2021; 9(2): 111-114.
- 48. Takawale H, Mute V, Awari D, Hukkeri V I, Mehta P and Vawhal P. Screening of Antiulcer Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. Bark. Against Aspirin Induced Ulcer in Rat. World Journal of Medical Sciences. 2011; 6 (4): 168-172.
- 49. Ayaz S A, Mujahid S, Aatif S, Mukhtar M, Iftequar S. Antiulcerogenic Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Leaves. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences. 2015; 4(2): 74-78.
- 50. Chiang L C, Chiang W, Liu M C and Lin C C. In Vitro Antiviral Activities of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and its Related Flavonoids. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003; 52: 194–198.
- 51. Vuyyala B, Senthil K D, Thakkalapally L. Evaluation of Anxiolytic Potential of Various Extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Leaves. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(11): 5625-5628.
- 52. Zalsabela L T, Elya B, Noviani A. Arginase Inhibition Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Journal of Young Pharmacists. 2018; 10(2): 111-113.
- 53. Refahy L A, Farghaly T A, Abdel-Aziz M S and Mohamed T S. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Flower. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 2015; 9 (2): 150-158.
- 54. Min Y, Xie W D, Fan L, Zhen M, Zhao Y N. Brazilein, An Important Immunosuppressive Component from L. International Immuno Pharmacology. 2006; 6: 426-432.
- 55. Khan F, Dastagirb N, Lateefc M, Yousufd M, Miranic Z A, Mesaikb A, Faizid S and Kazmi S U. Immunomodulatory Activities of Extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants. 2018; 24(3), 245–256.
- 56. Erharuyi O, Imieje V O, Oseghale I O, Ubhenin A E, Falodun A, Choudhary M I. Identification of Compounds and Insecticidal Activity of the Root of Pride of Barbados (Caesalpinia pulcherrima L). Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management. 2017; 21(2): 281-287.
- 57. Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M and Amsath A. Larvicidal Properties of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Family: Fabaceae) Against Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus and Anopheles subpictus (Diptera: Culicidae). International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology. 2013; 1(1): 15-23.
- 58. Erharuyi O, Adhikari A, Falodun A, Jabeen A, Imad R, Ammad M, Choudhary M I, Nezhun Gören. Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory, and Leishmanicidal Activities of Diterpenes Isolated from the Roots of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Planta Med. 2016; 83(01/02): 104-110.
- 59. Pooja, Mazumder A, Das S. Hepatoprotective Nature of Aerial Parts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima in STZ Induced Diabetic Rat Model. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2012; 14(7): 3716-3720.
- 60. Tamil S A, Suthakar R, Muthu V S B, Kumara S S K. Purgative Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L) Sw Leaves Extracts. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacodynamics. 2013; 5(3): 164-165.
- 61. Moteriya P, Chanda S. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Formation from Caesalpinia pulcherrima Stem Metabolites and Their Broad-Spectrum Biological Activities. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 2018; 16: 105–113.
- 62. Subramanyam D, Chinnadurai I S, Roopan S M. Screening Bioactivities of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. Swartz and Cytotoxicity of Extract Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on HCT116 Cell Line. Materials Science and Engineering C. 2020; 106.
- 63. Kavith A N, Naira N. Formulation and Evaluation of the Methanolic Extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Leaves for its Wound Healing Activity. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care. 4 (3) 90- 94.
References
1. Varier P S. Indian Medicinal Plants: A compendium of 500 species. Vol I. Orient Longman; 1994: 315-323.
2. Guha D N, Pal D C. A Lexicon of Medicinal Plants in India. Vol-I. 1999:335-336
3. The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products-Raw Materials Series. Vol. II. Publication and Information Directorate. CSIR. New Delhi;1988: 14-16.
4. Pawar C R, Amol D L, Sanjay J S. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2008; 1(2): 135-143.
5. Kirtikar K R, Basu B D. Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol I. International Book Distributors. Dehradun (India) 1987:847.
6. Rajyalaxmi R, Ravikanth V and Jansi Lakshmi VV. Pharmacological study of caesalpiniceae species. Probe. 1982; 22: 35-83.
7. Moon C K, Park K S, Kim S G, Won H S. Chung JH. Phytochemical evaluation of C. pulcherrima. Planta Med. 1985, 66
8. Nigam P, Kannan E, Bhojraj S. Compounds from Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 1977; 39:85-88
9. Namikoshi M, Nakata H, Tamotsu S. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1987; 35: 2761-3615.
10. Namikoshi M, Nakta H, Tamotsu S. Homoisoflavonoids from Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Phytochemistry.1987; 26:1831-33.
11. Bo Ou Yang, Chang-Qiang Ke, Zhi-Sheng He, Yi-Ping Yang. Brazilide A. A Novel Lactone with an Unprecedented Skeleton from C. pulcherrima. Tetrahedron. 2002; 43:1731-33.
12. Chiaki Fuke, Johji Yamahara, Takashi Shimokawa, Junei-Kinjo. Aromatic compounds related to brazilin from Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Phytochemistry.1985;24: 2403-05.
13. Thanh M, Ngyen T, Awale S, Tezuka Y, Tran OL and Kadota S, Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors from the Heartwood of Vietnamese Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Tetrahedron. 2004; 45: 8519-8522.
14. Luiz F C, de Oliveira, Eudes S, Velozo M. Vibrational spectroscopic study of brazilin and brazilein, the main constituents of Brazilwood from Brazil. Vibrational spectroscopy. 2002; 28: 243-249.
15. Kim D S. Baek N I. Jung K Y. NMR assignment of brazilein. Phytochemisry.1997; 46: 177-17.
16. Oh S R, Kim D S, Lee I S, Jung K Y. Isolation of brazilin & brazilein from. Planta Med.1998; 64: 456-458.
17. Prajapati Purohit, Sharma Kumar. A Handbook of Medicinal Plants: A Complete Source Book. Agrobios (India). 2003: 101.
18. Quraishi and Khan. Industrial application of Brazil Wood. Pakistan Journal For. 1965;15:250.
19. Hikino P H, Freisleben H J, Rumampuk R J. Anti-inflammatory principles of wood and of Haematoxylon campechianum wood. Planta Med. 1977; 31: 214.
20. Yadava V, Dinda B and Saha S. Isolation of Oils from Ceasalpinia pulcherrima, Indian Perfumer. 22,1978, 73.
21. Oswal and Garg. Nutritional important of Brazil wood. Seifen ole fatte Wachs. 1984; 110: 577.
22. Xu H, Zhou Z H, Yang J S. Compounds from L. Chinese Medical and Research. 1994; 9 (8): 485-486.511.
23. Nagai M, Nagumo S, Eguchi I, Lee SM and Suzuki T. Pulcherrimachalcone from Caesalpinia pulcherrima L., the proposed biosynthetic precursor of brazilin. Yakugaku Zasshi.1984; 104(9): 935- 938.
24. Beak N I, Jeon S G, Ahn E M, Bahn J H. Anticonvulsant compounds from the wood of L. Archives of Pharmacal Research. 2000; 23(4): 344- 348.
25. Safitri R, Tarigan P, Freisleben H J, Rumampuk R J. Antioxidant activity in vitro of two aromatic compounds from L. Biofactors. 2003; 19(1-2): 71-77.
26. Niranjan Reddy V L, Ravikanth V, Jansi Lakshmi V V. Suryanarayan Murty U. Venkateswarlu Y. Inhibitory activity of homoisoflavonoids from against Beauveria bassiana. Fitoterapia. 2003; 74(6): 600-602.
27. Badami S, Geetha B, Sharma S V, Rajan S. Suresh B. Microwave-assisted rapid extraction of red dye from heartwood. Natural Products and Research. 2007; 21(12):1091-1098.
28. Kharbade B V, Agrawal O P. Identification of natural red dyes in old Indian textiles. Evaluation of thin-layer chromatographic systems. Journal of Chromatography. 1985; 347: 447-454.
29. Cuddapah Rajaram, Kandula Ravindra Reddy, Kothapalli Bonnth Chandra Sekhar. Evaluation of anti-arthritic activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima in freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritic rat model. Journal for Young Pharmacist. 2015; 7(2): 128-132.
30. Mulik S S, Patil V M, Patil S S. Isolation, Characterisation and Evaluation of Anti-Asthmatic Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology. 2022; 9(6): 503-07.
31. Afroz T, Ramproshad S, Mondal B, Haque A, Khan R. Antidiarrhoeal and Analgesic Activity of Barks of Medicinal Plant Caesalpinia pulcherrima. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2013; 4(5): 1946-1949.
32. Osuntokun O T, Julianah J U and Thonda O A. Bioprospective Screening of Antibacterial and Phytochemical Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Pride of Barbados) on Selected Clinical Isolate. Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal. 2017; 1(3): 01-11.
33. Kumar D, Singh J, Baghotia A, Kumar S. Anticonvulsant effect of the ethanol extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw., Fabaceae, leaves. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2010; 20(5): 751-755.
34. Afroz T, Ramproshad S, Mondal B, Haque A, Khan R. Antidiarrhoeal and Analgesic Activity of Barks of Medicinal Plant Caesalpinia pulcherrima. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2013; 4(5): 1946-1949.
35. Angela B F. Carrington-Dyall, Shekaib A I, Nickelia E, Clarke-Jordan. Water Extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Flowers Increases Glucose Uptake in Insulin Resistant Adipocytes in A Dose-Dependent Manner. Era’s Journal of Medical Research. 2020; 7(2): 172-75.
36. Balasundaram M, Dhanesh Gandhi A, Kavitha P, Babujanarthanam R. Effect of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. seeds on serum glucose and other metabolic parameters of normal and alloxan - induced diabetic rats. Diabesity. 2018; 4(3): 9-16.
37. Raj A, Sharma A, Singh N, Kumar P, Singh A, Bhatia V and Sharma S K. Studies on Anti-Fertility Activity of Peacock Flower (Caesalpinia pulcherrima) On Uterine Morphology of Rat (Rattus rattus). Applications in Research. 2011; 7-15.
38. Cristiane Moutinho Lagos de Melo a, Iranildo José da Cruz Filho a, Georon Ferreira de Sousa a, et al. Lignin isolated from Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaves has antioxidant, antifungal and immunostimulatory activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020; 162: 1725–1733.
39. Satwadhar N D, Mehta P, Patil S R, Mute V M. Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L). Bark Against Pheretima posthuma. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 4(1): 76-77.
40. Rao Y K, Fang S H, Tzeng Y M. Anti-inflammatory Activities of Flavonoids Isolated from Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005; 100: 249–253.
41. Ogbeide O K, Akhigbe I U, Unuigbe C A, Erharuyi O. Isolation, Characterisation And In Vivo Anti-Malarial Investigation of Pulcherrimin A from Caesalpinia pulcherrima Stem Bark. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 12(2): 056-063.
42. Ogu Gi, Aisuodionoe Me and Nwachukwu Pu. Anti-Plasmodial Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Swarts) Stem Bark Extract Against Plasmodium berghei in Albino Mice. International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences. 2012; 1(2): 168-178.
43. Donga T H, Wen Ninga A Y and Tang Y Q. Network Pharmacology-Integrated Molecular Docking Analysis of Phytocompounds of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Peacock Flower) as Potential Anti-Metastatic Agents. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2023; 42(4): 1778–1794.
44. Kumbhare M and Thangavel S. Anti-inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activity of Pods of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011; 1(7): 180-184.
45. Yamuna S T, Padma P R. Antioxidant potential of the flowers of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Swartz in an in vitro system subjected to oxidative stress. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2013; 7: 661-665.
46. Pomsawan N, Kittakoop P, Boonphong S, Nongkunsarn P. Antitubercular Cassan Furanoditerpinoids from the Roots of Ceasalpinia pulcherrima. Planta Med. 2003; 69: 776-777.
47. Gilani S M U, Roshan R, Ahemd S, Mohtasheem M H. Antitussive Effect of Aerial Parts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. by Sulfur Dioxide Induced Cough in Rats. RADS Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. 2021; 9(2): 111-114.
48. Takawale H, Mute V, Awari D, Hukkeri V I, Mehta P and Vawhal P. Screening of Antiulcer Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. Bark. Against Aspirin Induced Ulcer in Rat. World Journal of Medical Sciences. 2011; 6 (4): 168-172.
49. Ayaz S A, Mujahid S, Aatif S, Mukhtar M, Iftequar S. Antiulcerogenic Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Leaves. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences. 2015; 4(2): 74-78.
50. Chiang L C, Chiang W, Liu M C and Lin C C. In Vitro Antiviral Activities of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and its Related Flavonoids. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003; 52: 194–198.
51. Vuyyala B, Senthil K D, Thakkalapally L. Evaluation of Anxiolytic Potential of Various Extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Leaves. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021; 14(11): 5625-5628.
52. Zalsabela L T, Elya B, Noviani A. Arginase Inhibition Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Journal of Young Pharmacists. 2018; 10(2): 111-113.
53. Refahy L A, Farghaly T A, Abdel-Aziz M S and Mohamed T S. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Flower. Global Journal of Pharmacology. 2015; 9 (2): 150-158.
54. Min Y, Xie W D, Fan L, Zhen M, Zhao Y N. Brazilein, An Important Immunosuppressive Component from L. International Immuno Pharmacology. 2006; 6: 426-432.
55. Khan F, Dastagirb N, Lateefc M, Yousufd M, Miranic Z A, Mesaikb A, Faizid S and Kazmi S U. Immunomodulatory Activities of Extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants. 2018; 24(3), 245–256.
56. Erharuyi O, Imieje V O, Oseghale I O, Ubhenin A E, Falodun A, Choudhary M I. Identification of Compounds and Insecticidal Activity of the Root of Pride of Barbados (Caesalpinia pulcherrima L). Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management. 2017; 21(2): 281-287.
57. Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M and Amsath A. Larvicidal Properties of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Family: Fabaceae) Against Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus and Anopheles subpictus (Diptera: Culicidae). International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology. 2013; 1(1): 15-23.
58. Erharuyi O, Adhikari A, Falodun A, Jabeen A, Imad R, Ammad M, Choudhary M I, Nezhun Gören. Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory, and Leishmanicidal Activities of Diterpenes Isolated from the Roots of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Planta Med. 2016; 83(01/02): 104-110.
59. Pooja, Mazumder A, Das S. Hepatoprotective Nature of Aerial Parts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima in STZ Induced Diabetic Rat Model. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2012; 14(7): 3716-3720.
60. Tamil S A, Suthakar R, Muthu V S B, Kumara S S K. Purgative Activity of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L) Sw Leaves Extracts. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacodynamics. 2013; 5(3): 164-165.
61. Moteriya P, Chanda S. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Formation from Caesalpinia pulcherrima Stem Metabolites and Their Broad-Spectrum Biological Activities. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 2018; 16: 105–113.
62. Subramanyam D, Chinnadurai I S, Roopan S M. Screening Bioactivities of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. Swartz and Cytotoxicity of Extract Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on HCT116 Cell Line. Materials Science and Engineering C. 2020; 106.
63. Kavith A N, Naira N. Formulation and Evaluation of the Methanolic Extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima Leaves for its Wound Healing Activity. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care. 4 (3) 90- 94.