Main Article Content
Abstract
The potent pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β & TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) were investigated
for its effect on β-sitosterol enriched fraction from the methanolic extract of leaves of Mallotus philippensis (Lam.)
Muell. Arg. The n-butanol part of the methanolic extract was eluted using mixtures of solvents of increasing
polarity. From the combined eluted fractions, three fractions such as F1, F2 and F3 were collected by column
chromatography using n-hexane: Chloroform (1:1) as a solvent and the compounds present in the fractions were
identified by GC-MS. Among the collected fractions, the F1 was found to be the β-sitosterol enriched fraction
(β-SEF). The maximum non-lethal dose of β-SEF was found to be 1000 mg/kg body weight using OECD 423
guidelines. The effect of β-SEF (100 mg/kg), almost 10 times less than the standard drug Diclofenac sodium
(10 mg/kg), and it was determined against inflammation by carrageenan induced hind paw edema method. β-SEF
produced a dose dependent decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and TNF-α and increase
anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level in the inflamed paw. Treatment with Diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg) and
β-SEF (30 and 100 mg/kg) significantly decreased the NF-B expression in inflamed rats which concludes the
reduction of inflammation was probably by decreasing the expression of NF-B.
Keywords
Mallotus philippensis
β-sitosterol enriched fraction
Inflammatory cytokines
Western blot analysis
Article Details
How to Cite
Role of β-sitosterol enriched fraction from the methanolic extract of leaves of Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. on inflammatory cytokines. (2016). International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 5(SPL1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.61096/ijrpp.v5.issSPL1.2016.1-8
How to Cite
Role of β-sitosterol enriched fraction from the methanolic extract of leaves of Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. on inflammatory cytokines. (2016). International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 5(SPL1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.61096/ijrpp.v5.issSPL1.2016.1-8
References
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REFERENCES
[1]. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM. Pharmacology. Elsevier, 2006.
[2]. Dinarello CA. Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest. 118(2), 2000, 503-508.
[3]. Nadkarni KM. Indian MateriaMedica. Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, 1(2), 1995, 760-763.
[4]. Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Varma BS. Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific
& Industrial Research, 1998.
[5]. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. International Book Distributors, 1984.
[6]. Zafar R. Medicinal Plants of India. CBS Publishers and Distributors, 2006.
[7]. Sathya S, Puratchikody A. Standardisation of leaves of Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. as per WHO
guidelines. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 6(1), 2015, 679-689.
[8]. Trease GE, Evans WC. Pharmacognosy, Saunders, 2003.
[9]. Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods, Chapman and Hall, 1998.
[10]. Aizawa K, Yoshida S, Takahashi N. The applicability of the defocusing technique in organic mass
spectrometry. Organic Mass Spectrometry. 9(5), 1974, 470-479.
[11]. OECD/ OCDE 2001, OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, Acute Oral Toxicity-Acute Toxicity Class
Method, 423. Available from: <http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/iccvam/suppdocs/feddocs/oecd/oecd_gl423.pdf >.
[2010]
[12]. Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GA. Carrageenin-induced edema in hind paw of the rats as an assay of antiinflammatory
drugs,
I
the
Proceedings
of
The
Society
for
Experimental
Biology
and
Medicine,
1962,
544-547.
[13]. Turner RA. Screening Method in Pharmacology, Academic Press, 1965.
[14]. Talwar S, Nandakumar K, Nayak PG, Bansal P, Mudgal J, Mor V, Rao CM, Lobo R. Anti-inflammatory
activity of Terminaliapaniculata bark extract against acute and chronic inflammation in rats. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology. 134(2), 2011, 323-328.
[15]. Ibrahim AY, El-gengaihi SE, Motawea HM, Sleem AA. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Salvadora persica L.
against Carrageenan Induced Paw Oedema in Rat Relevant to Inflammatory Cytokines. Notulae Scientia
Biologicae. 3(4), 2011, 22-28.
[16]. Kim YW, Zhao RJ, Park SJ, Lee JR, Cho IJ, Yang CH, Kim SG, Kim SC. Anti-inflammatory effects of
liquiritigenin as a consequence of the inhibition of NF-κB dependent iNOS and proinflammatory cytokines
production. British Journal of Pharmacology. 154, 2008, 165-173.
[17]. Baumann B, Seufert J, Jakob F, Noth U, Rolf O, Eulert J, Rader CP. Activation of NF-κB signaling and TNF-α
expression in THP- 1 macrophages by TiAlV- and polyethylene-wear particles. Journal of Orthopaedic
Research. 23, 2005, 1241-1248.
[18]. Lawrence T. The Nuclear Factor NF-κB Pathway in Inflammation. Cold spring harbor perspectives in
Biology. 1(6), 2009, a001651.
References
REFERENCES
[1]. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM. Pharmacology. Elsevier, 2006.
[2]. Dinarello CA. Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest. 118(2), 2000, 503-508.
[3]. Nadkarni KM. Indian MateriaMedica. Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, 1(2), 1995, 760-763.
[4]. Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Varma BS. Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific
& Industrial Research, 1998.
[5]. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. International Book Distributors, 1984.
[6]. Zafar R. Medicinal Plants of India. CBS Publishers and Distributors, 2006.
[7]. Sathya S, Puratchikody A. Standardisation of leaves of Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. as per WHO
guidelines. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 6(1), 2015, 679-689.
[8]. Trease GE, Evans WC. Pharmacognosy, Saunders, 2003.
[9]. Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods, Chapman and Hall, 1998.
[10]. Aizawa K, Yoshida S, Takahashi N. The applicability of the defocusing technique in organic mass
spectrometry. Organic Mass Spectrometry. 9(5), 1974, 470-479.
[11]. OECD/ OCDE 2001, OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, Acute Oral Toxicity-Acute Toxicity Class
Method, 423. Available from: <http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/iccvam/suppdocs/feddocs/oecd/oecd_gl423.pdf >.
[2010]
[12]. Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GA. Carrageenin-induced edema in hind paw of the rats as an assay of antiinflammatory
drugs,
I
the
Proceedings
of
The
Society
for
Experimental
Biology
and
Medicine,
1962,
544-547.
[13]. Turner RA. Screening Method in Pharmacology, Academic Press, 1965.
[14]. Talwar S, Nandakumar K, Nayak PG, Bansal P, Mudgal J, Mor V, Rao CM, Lobo R. Anti-inflammatory
activity of Terminaliapaniculata bark extract against acute and chronic inflammation in rats. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology. 134(2), 2011, 323-328.
[15]. Ibrahim AY, El-gengaihi SE, Motawea HM, Sleem AA. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Salvadora persica L.
against Carrageenan Induced Paw Oedema in Rat Relevant to Inflammatory Cytokines. Notulae Scientia
Biologicae. 3(4), 2011, 22-28.
[16]. Kim YW, Zhao RJ, Park SJ, Lee JR, Cho IJ, Yang CH, Kim SG, Kim SC. Anti-inflammatory effects of
liquiritigenin as a consequence of the inhibition of NF-κB dependent iNOS and proinflammatory cytokines
production. British Journal of Pharmacology. 154, 2008, 165-173.
[17]. Baumann B, Seufert J, Jakob F, Noth U, Rolf O, Eulert J, Rader CP. Activation of NF-κB signaling and TNF-α
expression in THP- 1 macrophages by TiAlV- and polyethylene-wear particles. Journal of Orthopaedic
Research. 23, 2005, 1241-1248.
[18]. Lawrence T. The Nuclear Factor NF-κB Pathway in Inflammation. Cold spring harbor perspectives in
Biology. 1(6), 2009, a001651.
[1]. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM. Pharmacology. Elsevier, 2006.
[2]. Dinarello CA. Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest. 118(2), 2000, 503-508.
[3]. Nadkarni KM. Indian MateriaMedica. Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, 1(2), 1995, 760-763.
[4]. Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Varma BS. Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific
& Industrial Research, 1998.
[5]. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. International Book Distributors, 1984.
[6]. Zafar R. Medicinal Plants of India. CBS Publishers and Distributors, 2006.
[7]. Sathya S, Puratchikody A. Standardisation of leaves of Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. as per WHO
guidelines. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 6(1), 2015, 679-689.
[8]. Trease GE, Evans WC. Pharmacognosy, Saunders, 2003.
[9]. Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods, Chapman and Hall, 1998.
[10]. Aizawa K, Yoshida S, Takahashi N. The applicability of the defocusing technique in organic mass
spectrometry. Organic Mass Spectrometry. 9(5), 1974, 470-479.
[11]. OECD/ OCDE 2001, OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, Acute Oral Toxicity-Acute Toxicity Class
Method, 423. Available from: <http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/iccvam/suppdocs/feddocs/oecd/oecd_gl423.pdf >.
[2010]
[12]. Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GA. Carrageenin-induced edema in hind paw of the rats as an assay of antiinflammatory
drugs,
I
the
Proceedings
of
The
Society
for
Experimental
Biology
and
Medicine,
1962,
544-547.
[13]. Turner RA. Screening Method in Pharmacology, Academic Press, 1965.
[14]. Talwar S, Nandakumar K, Nayak PG, Bansal P, Mudgal J, Mor V, Rao CM, Lobo R. Anti-inflammatory
activity of Terminaliapaniculata bark extract against acute and chronic inflammation in rats. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology. 134(2), 2011, 323-328.
[15]. Ibrahim AY, El-gengaihi SE, Motawea HM, Sleem AA. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Salvadora persica L.
against Carrageenan Induced Paw Oedema in Rat Relevant to Inflammatory Cytokines. Notulae Scientia
Biologicae. 3(4), 2011, 22-28.
[16]. Kim YW, Zhao RJ, Park SJ, Lee JR, Cho IJ, Yang CH, Kim SG, Kim SC. Anti-inflammatory effects of
liquiritigenin as a consequence of the inhibition of NF-κB dependent iNOS and proinflammatory cytokines
production. British Journal of Pharmacology. 154, 2008, 165-173.
[17]. Baumann B, Seufert J, Jakob F, Noth U, Rolf O, Eulert J, Rader CP. Activation of NF-κB signaling and TNF-α
expression in THP- 1 macrophages by TiAlV- and polyethylene-wear particles. Journal of Orthopaedic
Research. 23, 2005, 1241-1248.
[18]. Lawrence T. The Nuclear Factor NF-κB Pathway in Inflammation. Cold spring harbor perspectives in
Biology. 1(6), 2009, a001651.