Main Article Content
Abstract
The use of medications during pregnancy and lactation poses unique challenges for healthcare providers. Drug safety must be carefully evaluated to prevent adverse effects on the developing fetus or the breastfeeding infant. This review discusses the current guidelines for the use of medications during pregnancy and lactation, focusing on risk classification systems, commonly used medications, and strategies to minimize risks while ensuring effective treatment.
Keywords
Pregnancy and medication safety, Lactation and drug use, FDA Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR), Teratogenicity, Breastfeeding and pharmacology
Article Details
How to Cite
Drug Safety in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Review of Current Guidelines. (2025). International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 14(1), 227-231. https://doi.org/10.61096/ijrpp.v14.iss1.2025.227-231
How to Cite
Drug Safety in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Review of Current Guidelines. (2025). International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 14(1), 227-231. https://doi.org/10.61096/ijrpp.v14.iss1.2025.227-231
References
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1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2014). Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR).
2. Hale, T. W., & Rowe, H. E. (2020). Medications and Mother’s Milk. 18th edition. Springer Publishing.
3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2019). Guidelines for Perinatal Care.
4. Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). (2021). Medicines in Pregnancy.
5. European Medicines Agency (EMA). (2022). Guidelines on Drug Use in Pregnancy and Lactation.
6. Federal Register Notice (2014): Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR)
7. Andrade SE, Gurwitz JH, Davis RL, et al. "Prescription drug use in pregnancy." Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(2):398-407
8. Mitchell AA. "Systematic Identification of Drugs That Cause Birth Defects—A New Opportunity." N Engl J Med. 2003;349(26):2556-2559.
References
1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2014). Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR).
2. Hale, T. W., & Rowe, H. E. (2020). Medications and Mother’s Milk. 18th edition. Springer Publishing.
3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2019). Guidelines for Perinatal Care.
4. Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). (2021). Medicines in Pregnancy.
5. European Medicines Agency (EMA). (2022). Guidelines on Drug Use in Pregnancy and Lactation.
6. Federal Register Notice (2014): Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR)
7. Andrade SE, Gurwitz JH, Davis RL, et al. "Prescription drug use in pregnancy." Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(2):398-407
8. Mitchell AA. "Systematic Identification of Drugs That Cause Birth Defects—A New Opportunity." N Engl J Med. 2003;349(26):2556-2559.
2. Hale, T. W., & Rowe, H. E. (2020). Medications and Mother’s Milk. 18th edition. Springer Publishing.
3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (2019). Guidelines for Perinatal Care.
4. Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). (2021). Medicines in Pregnancy.
5. European Medicines Agency (EMA). (2022). Guidelines on Drug Use in Pregnancy and Lactation.
6. Federal Register Notice (2014): Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR)
7. Andrade SE, Gurwitz JH, Davis RL, et al. "Prescription drug use in pregnancy." Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(2):398-407
8. Mitchell AA. "Systematic Identification of Drugs That Cause Birth Defects—A New Opportunity." N Engl J Med. 2003;349(26):2556-2559.