Fungal Infections in Diabetic Patients and Their Management

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for fungal infections due to persistent hyperglycemia, immune dysfunction, and microvascular complications. Individuals with diabetes are predisposed to a wide spectrum of fungal infections ranging from superficial mucocutaneous candidiasis and dermatophytosis to severe, invasive infections such as aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Impaired neutrophil function, reduced cellular immunity, and an acidic, glucose-rich environment contribute to increased susceptibility, severity, and recurrence of these infections. Delayed diagnosis and inadequate management may result in substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly in cases of invasive fungal disease. Accurate and timely diagnosis relies on clinical assessment supported by microbiological cultures, histopathology, serological tests, and imaging studies when required. Management strategies emphasize optimal glycemic control, early initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy based on the identified pathogen, and correction of underlying risk factors. Surgical intervention may be necessary in refractory or invasive cases. Preventive measures, including patient education, regular follow-up, and early treatment of minor fungal infections, are essential to improve outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial for the effective management of fungal infections in patients with diabetes.