Main Article Content
Abstract
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Sacred Lotus), a revered aquatic plant in Asia, it exhibits a broad spectrum of ethnomedicinal and pharmacological properties. Traditionally valued for its cooling, cardiotonic, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory effects, every part of the plant from rhizomes and leaves to seeds and flowers has therapeutic potential. Rich in alkaloids (e.g., nuciferine, neferine), flavonoids, and phenolic acids, it shows diverse pharmacological actions: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, neuroprotective, and anti-obesity effects. Notably, it demonstrates antiviral (anti-HIV, anti-HSV-1), anti-Alzheimer, antiplatelet, and anti-epileptic activity. Lotus extracts also show promise in reproductive health and skin pigmentation modulation. Recent studies have highlighted its anti-osteoclastogenic potential, isolating 18 compounds from leaves and stems two of which are novel effective in inhibiting osteoclast formation by up to 78%. These findings underscore Nelumbo nucifera’s phytopharmacological significance and support its traditional use while paving the way for further drug discovery and development.
Keywords
Nelumbo nucifera
medicinal plant
phytochemicals
traditional medicine
pharmacological activity
therapeutic potential
Article Details
How to Cite
Exploring Nelumbo Nucifera As Traditional Medicine: A Review Of Its Phytochemistry And Ethnopharmacological Activity. (2025). International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 14(3), 421-429. https://ijrpp.com/ijrpp/article/view/716
How to Cite
Exploring Nelumbo Nucifera As Traditional Medicine: A Review Of Its Phytochemistry And Ethnopharmacological Activity. (2025). International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 14(3), 421-429. https://ijrpp.com/ijrpp/article/view/716
References
-
1. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/230438
2. Ben-Erik van Wyk, Michael Wink, Medicinal plants of the world, pg. 213. 978-1-875093-441.
3. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species Vol 4. Madras: Orient Longman;1995.
4. Chatterjee, Chandra Prakashi, The Treatise Indian Medicinal plants; Pp: 94-95; 81-7236-011-8.
5. Sahu, R., & Sahu, B. Insights into the chemical composition, nutritional value, and pharmacological activities of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Journal of Biomed Research, 2024; 5(1), 26–28.
6. Zhu, Z., Zhong, B., Yang et al. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS characterization and estimation of the antioxidant potential of phenolic compounds from different parts of the lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seed and rhizome. ACS Omega,2022; 7(17), 14630–14642.
7. Yi, Y., Sun, J., Xie, J., et al. Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of lotus root varieties. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2016; 21(7), 863.
8. Zhu, M., Liu, T., et al. Flavonoids of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seed embryos and their antioxidant potential. Journal of Food Science, 2017; 82(8), 1834–1841.
9. Chen, H., Sun, K., et al. Identification of antioxidant and anti-α-amylase components in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera, Gaertn.) seed epicarp. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019; 187(3): 677–690.
10. Guo, Y., Chen, X., Qi, J., et al. Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids and alkaloids from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. using high-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Separation Science, 2016; 39(13), 2499–2507.
11. Gadakh AS, Kulkarni AD. In-vitro Anti-inflammatory Potential of Nelumbo nucifera Rhizomes. Journal of Pharma Insights and Research. 2025 Feb 5;3(1):017-22.
12. Rajput MA, Zehra T, KUMAR G. Evaluation of antiinflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera fruit. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021 Feb 25;18(1):56.
13. Lin HY, Chung CP, Hsia SM, et al. Anti-inflammatory alkaloids from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves. European Food Research and Technology. 2023 Mar;249(3):739-48.
14. Laoung-On J, Jaikang C, et al. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and sperm viability of Nelumbo nucifera petal extracts. Plants. 2021 Jul 5;10(7):1375.
15. Jung HA, Kim JE, et al. Antioxidant principles of Nelumbo nucifera stamens. Archives of pharmacal research. 2003 Apr;26(4):279-85.
16. Wu MJ, Wang L, et al. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of the lotus leaf (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2003;31(05):687-98.
17. Rai S, Wahile A, Mukherjee K, et al. Antioxidant activity of Nelumbo nucifera (sacred lotus) seeds. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2006 Apr 6;104(3):322-7.
18. Yoon JS, Kim HM, Yadunandam AK, et al. Neferine isolated from Nelumbo nucifera enhances anti-cancer activities in Hep3B cells: molecular mechanisms of cell cycle arrest, ER stress induced apoptosis and anti-angiogenic response. Phytomedicine. 2013 Aug 15;20(11):1013-22.
19. Arjun P, Sivan PS, Priya SM, et al. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of Nelumbo nucifera extracts. J. Acad. Indus. Res. 2012 Jul;1(2):81-5.
20. Agnihotri VK, ElSohly HN, et al. Constituents of Nelumbo nucifera leaves and their antimalarial and antifungal activity. Phytochemistry Letters. 2008 Aug 21;1(2):89-93.
21. Santhoshkumar T, Rahuman AA, et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nelumbo nucifera leaf extract and its larvicidal activity against malaria and filariasis vectors. Parasitology research. 2011 Mar;108(3):693-702.
22. You JS, Lee YJ, Kim KS, et al. Anti‐obesity and hypolipidaemic effects of Nelumbo nucifera seed ethanol extract in human pre‐adipocytes and rats fed a high‐fat diet. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2014 Feb;94(3):568-75.
23. Ono Y, Hattori E, et al. Anti-obesity effect of Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract in mice and rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2006 Jun 30;106(2):238-44.
24. Huang B, Ban X, He J, et al. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of edible lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves. Food chemistry. 2010 Jun 1;120(3):873-8.
25. Sohn DH, Kim YC, et al. Hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of Nelumbo nucifera. Phytomedicine. 2003 Jan 1;10(2-3):165-9.
26. Rao GM, Pushpangadan P, et al. Hepatoprotective activity of Nelumbo nucifera Geartn. flower: an ethnopharmacoiogical study. Acta Pharmaceutica Sciencia. 2005;47(1).
27. Cho WK, Yang HJ, et al. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaf water extracts suppress influenza a viral infection via inhibition of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin. Journal of Functional Foods. 2022 Apr 1; 91:105019.
28. Kuo YC, Lin YL, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 propagation in HeLa cells interrupted by Nelumbo nucifera. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2005 Dec;12(6):1021-34.
29. Sugimoto Y, Furutani S, Itoh A, et al. Effects of extracts and neferine from the embryo of Nelumbo nucifera seeds on the central nervous system. Phytomedicine. 2008 Dec 1;15(12):1117-24.
30. Durairaj B, Dorai A. Antiplatelet activity of white and pink Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn flowers. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2010; 46:579-83.
31. Morikawa T, Kitagawa N, et al. Quantitative determination of alkaloids in lotus flower (flower buds of Nelumbo nucifera) and their melanogenesis inhibitory activity. Molecules. 2016 Jul 19;21(7):930.
32. Mukherjee PK, Saha K, et al. Effect of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome extract on blood sugar level in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 1997 Nov 1;58(3):207-13.
33. Liu S, Li D, Huang B, et al. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and hypolipidemic effects of the total flavonoids from Nelumbo nucifera leaves. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2013 Aug 26;149(1):263-9.
34. Mani SS, Subramanian IP, et al. Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of inorganic constituents in Nelumbo nucifera seeds on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Biological trace element research. 2010 Dec;138(1):226-37.
35. Laoung-on J, Nuchniyom P, et al. Effect of white Nelumbo nucifera on rat sperm motility and sperm viability. Microscopy and Microanalysis Research–The Journal of The Microscopy Society of Thailand. 2023 Oct 11;36(2):1-4.
36. LEE HJ, CHEN CC, et al. Water extracts from Nelumbo nucifera leaf reduced plasma lipids and atherosclerosis in cholesterol‐fed rabbits. Journal of food biochemistry. 2010 Aug;34(4):779-95.
37. Kashiwada Y, Aoshima A, Ikeshiro Y, et al. Anti-HIV benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and flavonoids from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera, and structure–activity correlations with related alkaloids. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2005 Jan 17;13(2):443-8.
38. Khan S, Khan HU, Khan FA, et al. Anti-alzheimer and antioxidant effects of Nelumbo nucifera L. Alkaloids, nuciferine and norcoclaurine in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Pharmaceuticals. 2022 Sep 28;15(10):1205.
39. Rajput MA, Khan RA, et al Anti-epileptic activity of Nelumbo nucifera fruit. Metabolic Brain Disease. 2017 Dec;32(6):1883-7.
40. Vu NK, Ha MT, Ha YJ, et al. Structures and antiosteoclastogenic activity of compounds isolated from edible lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves and stems. Fitoterapia. 2022 Oct 1; 162:105294.
References
1. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/230438
2. Ben-Erik van Wyk, Michael Wink, Medicinal plants of the world, pg. 213. 978-1-875093-441.
3. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species Vol 4. Madras: Orient Longman;1995.
4. Chatterjee, Chandra Prakashi, The Treatise Indian Medicinal plants; Pp: 94-95; 81-7236-011-8.
5. Sahu, R., & Sahu, B. Insights into the chemical composition, nutritional value, and pharmacological activities of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Journal of Biomed Research, 2024; 5(1), 26–28.
6. Zhu, Z., Zhong, B., Yang et al. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS characterization and estimation of the antioxidant potential of phenolic compounds from different parts of the lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seed and rhizome. ACS Omega,2022; 7(17), 14630–14642.
7. Yi, Y., Sun, J., Xie, J., et al. Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of lotus root varieties. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2016; 21(7), 863.
8. Zhu, M., Liu, T., et al. Flavonoids of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seed embryos and their antioxidant potential. Journal of Food Science, 2017; 82(8), 1834–1841.
9. Chen, H., Sun, K., et al. Identification of antioxidant and anti-α-amylase components in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera, Gaertn.) seed epicarp. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019; 187(3): 677–690.
10. Guo, Y., Chen, X., Qi, J., et al. Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids and alkaloids from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. using high-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Separation Science, 2016; 39(13), 2499–2507.
11. Gadakh AS, Kulkarni AD. In-vitro Anti-inflammatory Potential of Nelumbo nucifera Rhizomes. Journal of Pharma Insights and Research. 2025 Feb 5;3(1):017-22.
12. Rajput MA, Zehra T, KUMAR G. Evaluation of antiinflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera fruit. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021 Feb 25;18(1):56.
13. Lin HY, Chung CP, Hsia SM, et al. Anti-inflammatory alkaloids from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves. European Food Research and Technology. 2023 Mar;249(3):739-48.
14. Laoung-On J, Jaikang C, et al. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and sperm viability of Nelumbo nucifera petal extracts. Plants. 2021 Jul 5;10(7):1375.
15. Jung HA, Kim JE, et al. Antioxidant principles of Nelumbo nucifera stamens. Archives of pharmacal research. 2003 Apr;26(4):279-85.
16. Wu MJ, Wang L, et al. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of the lotus leaf (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2003;31(05):687-98.
17. Rai S, Wahile A, Mukherjee K, et al. Antioxidant activity of Nelumbo nucifera (sacred lotus) seeds. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2006 Apr 6;104(3):322-7.
18. Yoon JS, Kim HM, Yadunandam AK, et al. Neferine isolated from Nelumbo nucifera enhances anti-cancer activities in Hep3B cells: molecular mechanisms of cell cycle arrest, ER stress induced apoptosis and anti-angiogenic response. Phytomedicine. 2013 Aug 15;20(11):1013-22.
19. Arjun P, Sivan PS, Priya SM, et al. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of Nelumbo nucifera extracts. J. Acad. Indus. Res. 2012 Jul;1(2):81-5.
20. Agnihotri VK, ElSohly HN, et al. Constituents of Nelumbo nucifera leaves and their antimalarial and antifungal activity. Phytochemistry Letters. 2008 Aug 21;1(2):89-93.
21. Santhoshkumar T, Rahuman AA, et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nelumbo nucifera leaf extract and its larvicidal activity against malaria and filariasis vectors. Parasitology research. 2011 Mar;108(3):693-702.
22. You JS, Lee YJ, Kim KS, et al. Anti‐obesity and hypolipidaemic effects of Nelumbo nucifera seed ethanol extract in human pre‐adipocytes and rats fed a high‐fat diet. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2014 Feb;94(3):568-75.
23. Ono Y, Hattori E, et al. Anti-obesity effect of Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract in mice and rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2006 Jun 30;106(2):238-44.
24. Huang B, Ban X, He J, et al. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of edible lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves. Food chemistry. 2010 Jun 1;120(3):873-8.
25. Sohn DH, Kim YC, et al. Hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of Nelumbo nucifera. Phytomedicine. 2003 Jan 1;10(2-3):165-9.
26. Rao GM, Pushpangadan P, et al. Hepatoprotective activity of Nelumbo nucifera Geartn. flower: an ethnopharmacoiogical study. Acta Pharmaceutica Sciencia. 2005;47(1).
27. Cho WK, Yang HJ, et al. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaf water extracts suppress influenza a viral infection via inhibition of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin. Journal of Functional Foods. 2022 Apr 1; 91:105019.
28. Kuo YC, Lin YL, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 propagation in HeLa cells interrupted by Nelumbo nucifera. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2005 Dec;12(6):1021-34.
29. Sugimoto Y, Furutani S, Itoh A, et al. Effects of extracts and neferine from the embryo of Nelumbo nucifera seeds on the central nervous system. Phytomedicine. 2008 Dec 1;15(12):1117-24.
30. Durairaj B, Dorai A. Antiplatelet activity of white and pink Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn flowers. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2010; 46:579-83.
31. Morikawa T, Kitagawa N, et al. Quantitative determination of alkaloids in lotus flower (flower buds of Nelumbo nucifera) and their melanogenesis inhibitory activity. Molecules. 2016 Jul 19;21(7):930.
32. Mukherjee PK, Saha K, et al. Effect of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome extract on blood sugar level in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 1997 Nov 1;58(3):207-13.
33. Liu S, Li D, Huang B, et al. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and hypolipidemic effects of the total flavonoids from Nelumbo nucifera leaves. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2013 Aug 26;149(1):263-9.
34. Mani SS, Subramanian IP, et al. Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of inorganic constituents in Nelumbo nucifera seeds on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Biological trace element research. 2010 Dec;138(1):226-37.
35. Laoung-on J, Nuchniyom P, et al. Effect of white Nelumbo nucifera on rat sperm motility and sperm viability. Microscopy and Microanalysis Research–The Journal of The Microscopy Society of Thailand. 2023 Oct 11;36(2):1-4.
36. LEE HJ, CHEN CC, et al. Water extracts from Nelumbo nucifera leaf reduced plasma lipids and atherosclerosis in cholesterol‐fed rabbits. Journal of food biochemistry. 2010 Aug;34(4):779-95.
37. Kashiwada Y, Aoshima A, Ikeshiro Y, et al. Anti-HIV benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and flavonoids from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera, and structure–activity correlations with related alkaloids. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2005 Jan 17;13(2):443-8.
38. Khan S, Khan HU, Khan FA, et al. Anti-alzheimer and antioxidant effects of Nelumbo nucifera L. Alkaloids, nuciferine and norcoclaurine in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Pharmaceuticals. 2022 Sep 28;15(10):1205.
39. Rajput MA, Khan RA, et al Anti-epileptic activity of Nelumbo nucifera fruit. Metabolic Brain Disease. 2017 Dec;32(6):1883-7.
40. Vu NK, Ha MT, Ha YJ, et al. Structures and antiosteoclastogenic activity of compounds isolated from edible lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves and stems. Fitoterapia. 2022 Oct 1; 162:105294.
2. Ben-Erik van Wyk, Michael Wink, Medicinal plants of the world, pg. 213. 978-1-875093-441.
3. Indian medicinal plants: a compendium of 500 species Vol 4. Madras: Orient Longman;1995.
4. Chatterjee, Chandra Prakashi, The Treatise Indian Medicinal plants; Pp: 94-95; 81-7236-011-8.
5. Sahu, R., & Sahu, B. Insights into the chemical composition, nutritional value, and pharmacological activities of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Journal of Biomed Research, 2024; 5(1), 26–28.
6. Zhu, Z., Zhong, B., Yang et al. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS characterization and estimation of the antioxidant potential of phenolic compounds from different parts of the lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seed and rhizome. ACS Omega,2022; 7(17), 14630–14642.
7. Yi, Y., Sun, J., Xie, J., et al. Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of lotus root varieties. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2016; 21(7), 863.
8. Zhu, M., Liu, T., et al. Flavonoids of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) seed embryos and their antioxidant potential. Journal of Food Science, 2017; 82(8), 1834–1841.
9. Chen, H., Sun, K., et al. Identification of antioxidant and anti-α-amylase components in lotus (Nelumbo nucifera, Gaertn.) seed epicarp. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2019; 187(3): 677–690.
10. Guo, Y., Chen, X., Qi, J., et al. Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids and alkaloids from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. using high-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Separation Science, 2016; 39(13), 2499–2507.
11. Gadakh AS, Kulkarni AD. In-vitro Anti-inflammatory Potential of Nelumbo nucifera Rhizomes. Journal of Pharma Insights and Research. 2025 Feb 5;3(1):017-22.
12. Rajput MA, Zehra T, KUMAR G. Evaluation of antiinflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Nelumbo nucifera fruit. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021 Feb 25;18(1):56.
13. Lin HY, Chung CP, Hsia SM, et al. Anti-inflammatory alkaloids from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves. European Food Research and Technology. 2023 Mar;249(3):739-48.
14. Laoung-On J, Jaikang C, et al. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and sperm viability of Nelumbo nucifera petal extracts. Plants. 2021 Jul 5;10(7):1375.
15. Jung HA, Kim JE, et al. Antioxidant principles of Nelumbo nucifera stamens. Archives of pharmacal research. 2003 Apr;26(4):279-85.
16. Wu MJ, Wang L, et al. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of the lotus leaf (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). The American journal of Chinese medicine. 2003;31(05):687-98.
17. Rai S, Wahile A, Mukherjee K, et al. Antioxidant activity of Nelumbo nucifera (sacred lotus) seeds. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2006 Apr 6;104(3):322-7.
18. Yoon JS, Kim HM, Yadunandam AK, et al. Neferine isolated from Nelumbo nucifera enhances anti-cancer activities in Hep3B cells: molecular mechanisms of cell cycle arrest, ER stress induced apoptosis and anti-angiogenic response. Phytomedicine. 2013 Aug 15;20(11):1013-22.
19. Arjun P, Sivan PS, Priya SM, et al. Phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity of Nelumbo nucifera extracts. J. Acad. Indus. Res. 2012 Jul;1(2):81-5.
20. Agnihotri VK, ElSohly HN, et al. Constituents of Nelumbo nucifera leaves and their antimalarial and antifungal activity. Phytochemistry Letters. 2008 Aug 21;1(2):89-93.
21. Santhoshkumar T, Rahuman AA, et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nelumbo nucifera leaf extract and its larvicidal activity against malaria and filariasis vectors. Parasitology research. 2011 Mar;108(3):693-702.
22. You JS, Lee YJ, Kim KS, et al. Anti‐obesity and hypolipidaemic effects of Nelumbo nucifera seed ethanol extract in human pre‐adipocytes and rats fed a high‐fat diet. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2014 Feb;94(3):568-75.
23. Ono Y, Hattori E, et al. Anti-obesity effect of Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract in mice and rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2006 Jun 30;106(2):238-44.
24. Huang B, Ban X, He J, et al. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of edible lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves. Food chemistry. 2010 Jun 1;120(3):873-8.
25. Sohn DH, Kim YC, et al. Hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of Nelumbo nucifera. Phytomedicine. 2003 Jan 1;10(2-3):165-9.
26. Rao GM, Pushpangadan P, et al. Hepatoprotective activity of Nelumbo nucifera Geartn. flower: an ethnopharmacoiogical study. Acta Pharmaceutica Sciencia. 2005;47(1).
27. Cho WK, Yang HJ, et al. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaf water extracts suppress influenza a viral infection via inhibition of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin. Journal of Functional Foods. 2022 Apr 1; 91:105019.
28. Kuo YC, Lin YL, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 propagation in HeLa cells interrupted by Nelumbo nucifera. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2005 Dec;12(6):1021-34.
29. Sugimoto Y, Furutani S, Itoh A, et al. Effects of extracts and neferine from the embryo of Nelumbo nucifera seeds on the central nervous system. Phytomedicine. 2008 Dec 1;15(12):1117-24.
30. Durairaj B, Dorai A. Antiplatelet activity of white and pink Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn flowers. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2010; 46:579-83.
31. Morikawa T, Kitagawa N, et al. Quantitative determination of alkaloids in lotus flower (flower buds of Nelumbo nucifera) and their melanogenesis inhibitory activity. Molecules. 2016 Jul 19;21(7):930.
32. Mukherjee PK, Saha K, et al. Effect of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome extract on blood sugar level in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 1997 Nov 1;58(3):207-13.
33. Liu S, Li D, Huang B, et al. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and hypolipidemic effects of the total flavonoids from Nelumbo nucifera leaves. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2013 Aug 26;149(1):263-9.
34. Mani SS, Subramanian IP, et al. Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of inorganic constituents in Nelumbo nucifera seeds on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Biological trace element research. 2010 Dec;138(1):226-37.
35. Laoung-on J, Nuchniyom P, et al. Effect of white Nelumbo nucifera on rat sperm motility and sperm viability. Microscopy and Microanalysis Research–The Journal of The Microscopy Society of Thailand. 2023 Oct 11;36(2):1-4.
36. LEE HJ, CHEN CC, et al. Water extracts from Nelumbo nucifera leaf reduced plasma lipids and atherosclerosis in cholesterol‐fed rabbits. Journal of food biochemistry. 2010 Aug;34(4):779-95.
37. Kashiwada Y, Aoshima A, Ikeshiro Y, et al. Anti-HIV benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and flavonoids from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera, and structure–activity correlations with related alkaloids. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. 2005 Jan 17;13(2):443-8.
38. Khan S, Khan HU, Khan FA, et al. Anti-alzheimer and antioxidant effects of Nelumbo nucifera L. Alkaloids, nuciferine and norcoclaurine in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Pharmaceuticals. 2022 Sep 28;15(10):1205.
39. Rajput MA, Khan RA, et al Anti-epileptic activity of Nelumbo nucifera fruit. Metabolic Brain Disease. 2017 Dec;32(6):1883-7.
40. Vu NK, Ha MT, Ha YJ, et al. Structures and antiosteoclastogenic activity of compounds isolated from edible lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaves and stems. Fitoterapia. 2022 Oct 1; 162:105294.