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Abstract
Anxiety states and sleep disorders are common problems and sedative, hypnotic and anxiolytics are the most commonly prescribed drugs. Benzodiazepines are the commonly used sedative and hypnotic drugs .They are often associated with adverse effects like excessive drowsiness, tolerance and dependence. Hence there is always a need for newer drugs with less side effects. Clonidine is a a2 agonist which possess anxiolytic, sedative and hypnotic effects. In this study sedative and hypnotic effect of clonidine is compared with diazepam in mice. Sedative effect was measured using actophotometer and hypnotic effect was measured by prolongation of ketamine induced hypnotic time in mice. Clonidine showed significant sedative and hypnotic effects in mice.
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References
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- [11]. S. K. Kulkarni. Practical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacoloy, First Edition, Vallabh Publications, 43, 2008, 151, 263.
- [12]. Sujatha Basker, Georgene Singh, Rebecca Jacob. Clonidine in Paediatrics – A review. In: Indian Journal of Anaesthesia; 53(3), 2009, 271.
- [13]. Steven M Yentis, Nicholas P Hirsch, Gary B Smith. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A - Z An Encyclopaedia of Principles and Practice, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 4, 2009, 127.
- [14]. Bernard Delbarre and Henri Schmitt. Sedative effects of α-ympathomimetic drugs and their antagonism by adrenergic and cholinergic blocking drugs. In: European Journal of Pharmacology, 13(3), 1971, 356-363.
- [15]. Robert W.Hurley and Christopher L.Wu. Acute Postoperative Pain. In: Ronald D. Miller, Lars I. Eriksson, Lee A. Fleisher, Jeanine P. Wiener-Kronish, William L. Young. Miller,s Anesthesia, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2(7), 2010, 2767.
- [16]. Rachel Dotson, Jeanine P.Wiener-Kronish, and Temitayo Ajayi. Preoperative evaluation and medication. In: Robert K. Stoelting, Ronald D. Miller. Basics of Anesthesia, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 5, 2007, 171.
- [17]. J.C.Gerancher, Spencer S.Liu. Complications of Neuraxial (Spinal/Epidural/Caudal) Anesthesia. In: Jonathan L. Benumof, Lawrence J. Saidman. Anesthesia & Perioperative Complications, Mosby, 2, 1999, 60.
References
[1]. Eric A.Nofzinger et al. The neurobiology of sleep in relation to mental illness. In: Dennis S.Charney, Eric J.Nestler, Benjamin S.Bunney. Neurobiology of Mental Illness. Oxford University Press, 1999, 915.
[2]. Constance A.Moore, Robert L.Williams and Max Hirshkowitz. Sleep Disorders. In: Benjamin J.Sadock, Virginia A.Sadock. Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Volume II, Seventh edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2000, 1677-1687.
[3]. Psychotropic drugs. In: Peter N. Bennet, Morris J. Brown. Clinical pharmacology, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 10, 2008, 351-357.
[4]. ) Psychiatry and medicine. In: Michael Gelder, Dennis Gath, Richard Mayou, Philip Cowen. Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, Third edition, Oxford University Press, 1996, 409-413.
[5]. Allan H. Ropper, Martin A. Samuels. Adams & Victor’s Principles of Neurobiology, Ninth edition, Mcgraw Hill, 2009, 374-487.
[6]. General Anaesthetics. In: R. S. Satoskar, S. D. Bhandarkar, Nirmala N. Rege, R. R. Satoskar. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Popular Prakashan, 21, 2009, 103.
[7]. JN. Vyas, Dinesh Tyagi. Anxiety Disorders. In: JN. Vyas, Niraj Ahuja. Textbook of Postgraduate Psychiatry, Jaypee, 2, 1999, 167-252.
[8]. Adrenergic Agonists & Antagonists. In: G.Edward Morgan, Maged S.Mikhail, Michael J.Murray, Clinical Anesthesiology, Fourth edition, Lange Medical Books, McGraw-Hill, 2006, 247-248.
[9]. Dennis S.Charney, S.John Mihic, and R.Adron Harris. Hypnotics and Sedatives. In: Laurence L.Brunton, Joh S.Lazo, Keith L.Parker. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Eleventh edition, McGraw-Hill, 256, 2006, 401-452.
[10]. M.Rabbani, S.E.Sajjadi and A.Mohmmadi. Evaluation of the anxiolytic effect of Nepeta persica Boiss. in mice. In: http://ecam.Oxfordjournals .org/cgi/content/full/5/2/181 - Oxford journals.
[11]. S. K. Kulkarni. Practical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacoloy, First Edition, Vallabh Publications, 43, 2008, 151, 263.
[12]. Sujatha Basker, Georgene Singh, Rebecca Jacob. Clonidine in Paediatrics – A review. In: Indian Journal of Anaesthesia; 53(3), 2009, 271.
[13]. Steven M Yentis, Nicholas P Hirsch, Gary B Smith. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A - Z An Encyclopaedia of Principles and Practice, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 4, 2009, 127.
[14]. Bernard Delbarre and Henri Schmitt. Sedative effects of α-ympathomimetic drugs and their antagonism by adrenergic and cholinergic blocking drugs. In: European Journal of Pharmacology, 13(3), 1971, 356-363.
[15]. Robert W.Hurley and Christopher L.Wu. Acute Postoperative Pain. In: Ronald D. Miller, Lars I. Eriksson, Lee A. Fleisher, Jeanine P. Wiener-Kronish, William L. Young. Miller,s Anesthesia, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2(7), 2010, 2767.
[16]. Rachel Dotson, Jeanine P.Wiener-Kronish, and Temitayo Ajayi. Preoperative evaluation and medication. In: Robert K. Stoelting, Ronald D. Miller. Basics of Anesthesia, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 5, 2007, 171.
[17]. J.C.Gerancher, Spencer S.Liu. Complications of Neuraxial (Spinal/Epidural/Caudal) Anesthesia. In: Jonathan L. Benumof, Lawrence J. Saidman. Anesthesia & Perioperative Complications, Mosby, 2, 1999, 60.