mRNA Therapeutics beyond Vaccines: Emerging Applications and Clinical Frontiers

Abstract

Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics have revolutionized the biomedical landscape, particularly through their pivotal role in the development of COVID-19 vaccines. However, recent advances underscore the broader potential of mRNA technologies far beyond infectious diseases. This review explores emerging applications in oncology, rare genetic disorders, regenerative medicine, and protein replacement therapies. It provides a comprehensive analysis of molecular mechanisms, delivery platforms, clinical progress, manufacturing innovations, and safety considerations. Future directions include self-amplifying and circular RNA constructs, AI-optimized sequences, and synergistic use with CRISPR. By drawing from a spectrum of reputable academic, clinical, and industry sources, this article highlights how mRNA is evolving into a cornerstone of precision medicine and personalized therapeutics.