Main Article Content
Abstract
Generation of free radicals is the cause of oxidative stress related diseases and antioxidants by quenching free radicals have a significant contribution in the prevention of diseases. As synthetic antioxidants are responsible for causing toxicity, mutagenesis and tumour, search for antioxidants of plant origin is becoming more prominent. Present study was carried out to determine total phenolic content, reducing power, metal chelating and free radical (DPPH superoxide and hydroxyl) scavenging activity of fruit extract of Citrullus colocynthis. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-ciocalteu reagent and expressed as mg/g gallic acid equivalent. Antioxidant activity was found to be highest in methanolic extract which also possesses highest phenolic content (57.34mg/g). A Positive correlation was observed between total phenolic content and different antioxidant assays thus confirming the role of phenolics in contributing to the antioxidant potential of C. colocynthis fruits
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References
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- 2. Keshari AK, Verma AK, Kumar T, Srivastava R. Oxidative stress: A review. Int j sci technoledge, 2014; 3:155-162.
- 3. Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lightfoot DA. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants (Basel). 2017; 6(4):42.
- 4. Shantabia L, Jagetiaa GC, Alib MA, Tomcha T. Antioxidant potential of Croton caudatus leaf extract invitro. Transl med biotech. 2014; 2(6):1–15.
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- 6. Lalremruati M, Lalmuansangi C, Siama Z. Free radical scavenging activity and antioxidative potential of various solvent extracts of Mussaenda macrophylla Wall: an in vitro and ex vivo study. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2019; 9(12):094-102.
- 7. Kapoor M, Kaur N, Sharma C, Kaur G, Kaur R, Batra K, Rani J. Citrullus colocynthis an Important Plant in Indian Traditional System of Medicine. Phcog Rev. 2020; 14(27):22-27.
- 8. Li QY, Munawar M, Saeed M, Shen JQ, Khan MS, Noreen S, Alagawany M, Naveed M, Madni A, Li CX. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad (Bitter Apple Fruit): Promising traditional uses, pharmacological effects, aspects, and potential applications. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 12:3848.
- 9. Singleton VL, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic. 1965; 16(3): 144-158.
- 10. Lee SE, Hwang HJ, Ha JS, Jeong HS, Kim J H. Screening of medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity. Life Sci. 2003; 73(2): 167-179.
- 11. Liu F, Ooi VEC, Chang ST. Free radical scavenging activities of mushroom polysaccharide extracts. Life Sci. 1997; 60(10): 763-771.
- 12. Kunchandy E, Rao MNA. Oxygen radical scavenging activity of curcumin. Int J Pharm. 1990; 58(3): 237-240.
- 13. Dinis TC, Madeira VM, Almeida LM. Action of phenolic derivatives (acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1994; 315(1): 161-169.
- 14. Yen GC, Duh PD. Antioxidative properties of methanolic extracts from peanut hulls. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1993; 70(4): 383-386.
- 15. Labiad MH, Harhar H, Ghanimi A, Tabyaoui M. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Moroccan Thymus satureioïdes extracts. J Mater Environ Sci. 2017; 8(6):2132-2139.
- 16. Mahmood MH, Osama AK, Makky EA, Rahim MH, Ali NH, Hazrudin ND. Phytochemical Screening, antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of some plant extracts and their mixtures. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019; 346(1): 012003, IOP Publishing.
- 17. Lushchak VI. Free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and its classification. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2014; 224:164-75.
- 18. Sowndhararajan K, Kang SC. Free radical scavenging activity from different extracts of leaves of Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2013; 20(4):319-25.
- 19. Tijani AA, Adekomi DA, Adewole SO. In vitro and in vivo determination of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA) of fractions of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (AEMOL). Eurasian J Med. 2018; 2(4):209-16.
- 20. Sudan R, Bhagat M, Gupta S, Singh J, Koul A. Iron (FeII) chelation, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and immune modulating potential of Arisaema jacquemontii (Himalayan Cobra Lily). Biomed Res Int. 2014 Article ID 179865, 7 pages
- 21. Gulcin İ, Alwasel SH. Metal ions, metal chelators and metal chelating assay as antioxidant method. Processes. 2022; 10(1):132.
- 22. Suseela V, Sushmita L, Bharatkumar R, Nirmaladevi R. Free Radical Scavenging potential of different extracts of Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl) Sand leaves. Res J Pharm Technol. 2021; 14(9):4801-7.
- 23. Dudonne S, Vitrac X, Coutiere P, Woillez M, Mérillon JM. Comparative study of antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of 30 plant extracts of industrial interest using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD, and ORAC assays. J Agric Food Chem. 2009; 57(5):1768-74.
- 24. Aryal S, Baniya MK, Danekhu K, Kunwar P, Gurung R, Koirala N. Total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of wild vegetables from Western Nepal. Plants. 2019; 8(4):96.
- 25. Meena MC, Patni V. Isolation and identification of flavonoid “quercetin” from Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad. Asian J Exp Sci. 2008; 22(1):137-42.
- 26. Rezai M, Davoodi A, Asori M, Azadbakht M. Cytotoxic activity of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) schrad fruit extract on gastric adenocarcinoma and breast cancer cell lines. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2017; 45(1):175-8.
- 27. Najafi S, Sanadgol N, Nejad BS, Beiragi MA, Sanadgol, E. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad against Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Plant Res. 2010; 4(22): 2321-2325.
- 28. Delazar A, Gibbons S, Kosari A, Nazemiyeh H, Modarresi MM, Nahar L, Sarker SD Flavoneglycosides and cucurbitacin glycosides from Citrullus colocynthis. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2006; 14(3): 109-114
- 29. Sultan A, Khan FU, Iqbal H, Khan MA, Khan IU. Evaluation of chemical analysis profile of Citrullus colocynthis growing in southern areas of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa Pakistan. World Appl Sci J. 2010; 10(4):402-5.
References
1. Speakman JR, Selman C. The free‐radical damage theory: accumulating evidence against a simple link of oxidative stress to ageing and lifespan. BioEssays, 2011; 33(4):255-9.
2. Keshari AK, Verma AK, Kumar T, Srivastava R. Oxidative stress: A review. Int j sci technoledge, 2014; 3:155-162.
3. Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lightfoot DA. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants (Basel). 2017; 6(4):42.
4. Shantabia L, Jagetiaa GC, Alib MA, Tomcha T. Antioxidant potential of Croton caudatus leaf extract invitro. Transl med biotech. 2014; 2(6):1–15.
5. Keshari AK, Srivastava A, Upadhayaya M, Srivastava R. Antioxidants and free radicals scavenging activity of Medicinal Plants. J pharmacogn phytochem. 2018; 7(3):1499-504.
6. Lalremruati M, Lalmuansangi C, Siama Z. Free radical scavenging activity and antioxidative potential of various solvent extracts of Mussaenda macrophylla Wall: an in vitro and ex vivo study. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2019; 9(12):094-102.
7. Kapoor M, Kaur N, Sharma C, Kaur G, Kaur R, Batra K, Rani J. Citrullus colocynthis an Important Plant in Indian Traditional System of Medicine. Phcog Rev. 2020; 14(27):22-27.
8. Li QY, Munawar M, Saeed M, Shen JQ, Khan MS, Noreen S, Alagawany M, Naveed M, Madni A, Li CX. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad (Bitter Apple Fruit): Promising traditional uses, pharmacological effects, aspects, and potential applications. Front Pharmacol. 2022; 12:3848.
9. Singleton VL, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic. 1965; 16(3): 144-158.
10. Lee SE, Hwang HJ, Ha JS, Jeong HS, Kim J H. Screening of medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity. Life Sci. 2003; 73(2): 167-179.
11. Liu F, Ooi VEC, Chang ST. Free radical scavenging activities of mushroom polysaccharide extracts. Life Sci. 1997; 60(10): 763-771.
12. Kunchandy E, Rao MNA. Oxygen radical scavenging activity of curcumin. Int J Pharm. 1990; 58(3): 237-240.
13. Dinis TC, Madeira VM, Almeida LM. Action of phenolic derivatives (acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scavengers. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1994; 315(1): 161-169.
14. Yen GC, Duh PD. Antioxidative properties of methanolic extracts from peanut hulls. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1993; 70(4): 383-386.
15. Labiad MH, Harhar H, Ghanimi A, Tabyaoui M. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Moroccan Thymus satureioïdes extracts. J Mater Environ Sci. 2017; 8(6):2132-2139.
16. Mahmood MH, Osama AK, Makky EA, Rahim MH, Ali NH, Hazrudin ND. Phytochemical Screening, antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of some plant extracts and their mixtures. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019; 346(1): 012003, IOP Publishing.
17. Lushchak VI. Free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and its classification. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2014; 224:164-75.
18. Sowndhararajan K, Kang SC. Free radical scavenging activity from different extracts of leaves of Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2013; 20(4):319-25.
19. Tijani AA, Adekomi DA, Adewole SO. In vitro and in vivo determination of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA) of fractions of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (AEMOL). Eurasian J Med. 2018; 2(4):209-16.
20. Sudan R, Bhagat M, Gupta S, Singh J, Koul A. Iron (FeII) chelation, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and immune modulating potential of Arisaema jacquemontii (Himalayan Cobra Lily). Biomed Res Int. 2014 Article ID 179865, 7 pages
21. Gulcin İ, Alwasel SH. Metal ions, metal chelators and metal chelating assay as antioxidant method. Processes. 2022; 10(1):132.
22. Suseela V, Sushmita L, Bharatkumar R, Nirmaladevi R. Free Radical Scavenging potential of different extracts of Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl) Sand leaves. Res J Pharm Technol. 2021; 14(9):4801-7.
23. Dudonne S, Vitrac X, Coutiere P, Woillez M, Mérillon JM. Comparative study of antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of 30 plant extracts of industrial interest using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD, and ORAC assays. J Agric Food Chem. 2009; 57(5):1768-74.
24. Aryal S, Baniya MK, Danekhu K, Kunwar P, Gurung R, Koirala N. Total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of wild vegetables from Western Nepal. Plants. 2019; 8(4):96.
25. Meena MC, Patni V. Isolation and identification of flavonoid “quercetin” from Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad. Asian J Exp Sci. 2008; 22(1):137-42.
26. Rezai M, Davoodi A, Asori M, Azadbakht M. Cytotoxic activity of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) schrad fruit extract on gastric adenocarcinoma and breast cancer cell lines. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2017; 45(1):175-8.
27. Najafi S, Sanadgol N, Nejad BS, Beiragi MA, Sanadgol, E. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad against Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Plant Res. 2010; 4(22): 2321-2325.
28. Delazar A, Gibbons S, Kosari A, Nazemiyeh H, Modarresi MM, Nahar L, Sarker SD Flavoneglycosides and cucurbitacin glycosides from Citrullus colocynthis. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2006; 14(3): 109-114
29. Sultan A, Khan FU, Iqbal H, Khan MA, Khan IU. Evaluation of chemical analysis profile of Citrullus colocynthis growing in southern areas of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa Pakistan. World Appl Sci J. 2010; 10(4):402-5.