From Hormones to Powerhouse: The Mitochondrial Dimension of Thyroid Disease

Abstract

Thyroid disorders are among the most common hormone diseases, affecting 200 million people. Understanding their cell-level actions is crucial. Thyroid hormones are key to cell energy and balance. New evidence shows that mitochondria support many of the metabolic functions of these hormones. Thyroid hormone signalling controls mitochondrial energy production and adaptation. It regulates the formation of new mitochondria, how cells use oxygen, and activity in the electron transport chain. If thyroid hormone levels change, it can disrupt mitochondrial breathing, increase reactive oxygen species, and weaken antioxidant defences. These disruptions lead to oxidative stress and impaired mitochondria. Such changes play a role in the development of thyroid disorders.

Recently, people have become more interested in how thyroid hormones and mitochondria are connected. This review covers new findings on thyroid hormone signalling, mitochondrial energy, metabolic control, and cellular balance. Studying this link may help us better understand diseases and identify new ways to treat mitochondrial dysfunction in thyroid-related metabolic diseases.