Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Varicose Veins: A Comprehensive Review of Venous Structure, Reflux Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

Abstract

Varicose veins are dilated and tortuous superficial veins most commonly affecting the lower limbs. They arise due to venous valve failure, venous wall weakness, and abnormal blood flow leading to venous hypertension. Although often considered cosmetic, varicose veins can progress to serious complications such as edema, skin changes, thrombophlebitis, and venous ulcers. The disease is influenced by genetic, hormonal, occupational, and lifestyle factors. Advances in diagnostic imaging have improved understanding of venous reflux patterns. Treatment has shifted from traditional surgery to minimally invasive endovenous methods. This review discusses the background, history, current status, mechanisms, principles, classification, applications, advantages, and comparison of modern therapies for varicose veins.