Main Article Content
Abstract
The use of herbs in traditional writing systems represents a vital intersection of botanical knowledge and manuscript culture. This article examines the historical and scientific relevance of plant-based materials in three core domains namely, writing surfaces and substrates, ink formulation and preservation and the enhancement of ink permanence. In many traditional societies particularly in South Asia, Middle East and Africa, herbal substances played a foundational role in manuscript production. Surfaces such as palm leaves, tree bark, and paper like material were treated with herbal decoctions to increase durability, insect resistance, and writing quality. Similarly, inks were prepared from plant-derived components including tannin-rich fruits (e.g., Terminalia chebula), gum resins, and natural dyes, selected not only for their coloration but also for their antimicrobial and preservative properties. To ensure ink permanence, resistance to fading, smudging, and biological degradation specific herbs were incorporated to chemically bind pigments and protect inscriptions over long periods. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how indigenous knowledge systems supported the long-term preservation and transmission of written knowledge through sustainable plant-based technologies.