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Abstract
The main cause of obesity is long-term energy imbalance between consumed calories and expended calories. Here, we explore the biological mechanisms of obesity with the aim of providing actionable treatment strategies to achieve a healthy body weight from nature to nurture. This review summarizes the global trends in obesity with a special focus on the pathogenesis of obesity from genetic factors to epigenetic factors, from social environmental factors to microenvironment factors. Against this background, we discuss several possible intervention strategies to minimize BMI.
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References
- 1 Abd El G, Hegazi M. In vitro studies on Matteuccia StruthiopterisL.-an endangered medicinal plant. World Applied Science J, 2011; 14(5): 679-686.
- 2 Ayinla MT, Dada SO, Shittu ST, Olayaki LA, Akiode AO and Ojulari SL. Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum in alloxan induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2011; 3(12): 360-363.
- 3 Anreddy RNR, Porika M, Yellu NR, Devarakonda RK. Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. Plant in Normal and Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Pharmacology 2010; 6(2): 129-133.
- 4 Ahmed, S.M., Clasen, M.D., and Donnelly, M.D: Management of dyslipidemia in adults, American Family Physician, 57(9), 1998, 1-16.
- 5 American Heart Association: Scientific statement on, Cholesterol and Hyperlipidemia, 2005, pp 1-2.
- 6 Aminoff, M.J, Tjerney, L.M, Nervous system, In Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, The McGraw-Hill company, 43rd edition, pp 956-963 (2004).
- 7 Abderrahmane Aissaoui, Soumia Zizi, Zafar H. Israili, Badiaa Lyoussi, Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of coriandrum sativum L. in Meriones shawi rats, Journal of Ethanopharmacology 137, 2011, 652-661.
- 8 A Trovato, M.T. Monforte, R. Barbera, A. Rossitto, E.M. Galati, A.M. Forestieri, Effects of fruit juices of Citrus sinensis L. and Citrus limon L. on experimental hypercholesterolemia in the rat, Phytomedicine Vol. 2 (3) 1996, pp. 221-227.
- 9 Akila M, Devaraj H. Synergistic effect of tincture of crataegus and Mangiferaindica L. Extract on hyperlipidemic and antioxidant status in atherogenic rats. VascPharmacol 2008; 49: 173-177.
- 10 Bottcher H, Miracle drugs, Zagreb: Zora; 1965, pp: 23–139.
- 11 Bachorik, P.S., Denke, M.A., Stein, E.A., and Rifkind, B.M: Lipid and Dyslipoproteinemia, In Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 29th edition, Vol-1, 2001, pp 224-248.
- 12 Baron, R.B: Lipid Abnormalities, In Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, The McGraw-Hill Company, 44th edition, 2005, 1202-1213.
- 13 B.V. Ghule, M.H. Ghante, A.N. Saoji, P.G. Yeole, Antihyperlipidemic effect of the methanolic extract from Lagenaria siceraria Stand. fruit in hyperlipidemic rats, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 124, 2009, 333-337.
- 14 B Priyanka, Jyothi M Joy, G Avinash Kumar, S Mohana Lakshmi, Comparitive antioxidant activity of Asparagus racemosus with its alternative source Asparagus gonoclados, International Journal of Pharmacotherapy 2(2), 2012, 51-56.
References
1 Abd El G, Hegazi M. In vitro studies on Matteuccia StruthiopterisL.-an endangered medicinal plant. World Applied Science J, 2011; 14(5): 679-686.
2 Ayinla MT, Dada SO, Shittu ST, Olayaki LA, Akiode AO and Ojulari SL. Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum in alloxan induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2011; 3(12): 360-363.
3 Anreddy RNR, Porika M, Yellu NR, Devarakonda RK. Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. Plant in Normal and Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Pharmacology 2010; 6(2): 129-133.
4 Ahmed, S.M., Clasen, M.D., and Donnelly, M.D: Management of dyslipidemia in adults, American Family Physician, 57(9), 1998, 1-16.
5 American Heart Association: Scientific statement on, Cholesterol and Hyperlipidemia, 2005, pp 1-2.
6 Aminoff, M.J, Tjerney, L.M, Nervous system, In Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, The McGraw-Hill company, 43rd edition, pp 956-963 (2004).
7 Abderrahmane Aissaoui, Soumia Zizi, Zafar H. Israili, Badiaa Lyoussi, Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of coriandrum sativum L. in Meriones shawi rats, Journal of Ethanopharmacology 137, 2011, 652-661.
8 A Trovato, M.T. Monforte, R. Barbera, A. Rossitto, E.M. Galati, A.M. Forestieri, Effects of fruit juices of Citrus sinensis L. and Citrus limon L. on experimental hypercholesterolemia in the rat, Phytomedicine Vol. 2 (3) 1996, pp. 221-227.
9 Akila M, Devaraj H. Synergistic effect of tincture of crataegus and Mangiferaindica L. Extract on hyperlipidemic and antioxidant status in atherogenic rats. VascPharmacol 2008; 49: 173-177.
10 Bottcher H, Miracle drugs, Zagreb: Zora; 1965, pp: 23–139.
11 Bachorik, P.S., Denke, M.A., Stein, E.A., and Rifkind, B.M: Lipid and Dyslipoproteinemia, In Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 29th edition, Vol-1, 2001, pp 224-248.
12 Baron, R.B: Lipid Abnormalities, In Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, The McGraw-Hill Company, 44th edition, 2005, 1202-1213.
13 B.V. Ghule, M.H. Ghante, A.N. Saoji, P.G. Yeole, Antihyperlipidemic effect of the methanolic extract from Lagenaria siceraria Stand. fruit in hyperlipidemic rats, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 124, 2009, 333-337.
14 B Priyanka, Jyothi M Joy, G Avinash Kumar, S Mohana Lakshmi, Comparitive antioxidant activity of Asparagus racemosus with its alternative source Asparagus gonoclados, International Journal of Pharmacotherapy 2(2), 2012, 51-56.