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Abstract
Over the past decades, research on the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction has increasingly focused on inflammation. The mediators of inflammation and indicators have become crucial for better understanding and diagnosing atherosclerotic heart disease (AHD) and congestive heart failure at the early stages of pathophysiology. CVDs include CAD (coronary artery disease) and atherosclerosis and many inflammation-mediated cardiac dysfunction, CHF, and cardiac reperfusion damage. The cytokines known as pro-inflammatory interleukin/IL-1, 6, 8, 11, 16, 17, tumour necrosis factors, granulocyte colony-stimulating factors. The cytokines that are either directly or indirectly responsible for cardiovascular disorders, coordinate responses to inflammatory factors. In this review, we have discussed the latest research on the topic as well as the cytokines and chemokines that are linked to CVD.
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References
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- 4. Parameswaran N, Patial S. Tumor necrosis factor-α signaling in macrophages. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2010;20(2):87-103. doi: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v20.i2.10. PMID: 21133840; PMCID: PMC3066460.
- 5. Meldrum DR, Shenkar R, Sheridan BC, Cain BS, Abraham E, Harken AH. Hemorrhage activates myocardial NFkappaB and increases TNF-alpha in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1997 Oct;29(10):2849-54. doi: 10.1006/jmcc.1997.0506. PMID: 9344778.
- 6. Liew R, Khairunnisa K, Gu Y, Tee N, Yin NO, Naylynn TM, Moe KT. Role of tumor necrosis factor-α in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrosis and development of an arrhythmogenic substrate. Circ J. 2013;77(5):1171-9. doi: 10.1253/circj.cj-12-1155. Epub 2013 Feb 1. PMID: 23370453.
- 7. Deheuninck J, Luo K. Ski and SnoN, potent negative regulators of TGF-beta signaling. Cell Res. 2009 Jan;19(1):47-57. doi: 10.1038/cr.2008.324. PMID: 19114989; PMCID: PMC3103856.
- 8. Khosravi F, Ahmadvand N, Bellusci S, Sauer H. The Multifunctional Contribution of FGF Signaling to Cardiac Development, Homeostasis, Disease and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 May 14;9:672935. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672935. PMID: 34095143; PMCID: PMC8169986.
- 9. Szekely Y, Arbel Y. A Review of Interleukin-1 in Heart Disease: Where Do We Stand Today? Cardiol Ther. 2018 Jun;7(1):25-44. doi: 10.1007/s40119-018-0104-3. Epub 2018 Feb 7. PMID: 29417406; PMCID: PMC5986669.
- 10. Griffith JW, Sokol CL, Luster AD. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: positioning cells for host defense and immunity. Annual review of immunology. 2014 Mar 21;32:659-702.
- 11. Dusi V, Ghidoni A, Ravera A, De Ferrari GM, Calvillo L. Chemokines and Heart Disease: A Network Connecting Cardiovascular Biology to Immune and Autonomic Nervous Systems. Mediators Inflamm. Epub 2016 May 3:. doi: 10.1155/2016/5902947.
References
1. Amin MN, Siddiqui SA, Ibrahim M, Hakim ML, Ahammed MS, Kabir A, Sultana F. Inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and cancer. SAGE Open Med. 2020 Oct 20;8:2050312120965752. doi: 10.1177/2050312120965752. PMID: 33194199; PMCID: PMC7594225.
2. Savarese G, Lund LH. Global Public Health Burden of Heart Failure. Card Fail Rev. 2017 Apr;3(1):7-11. doi: 10.15420/cfr.2016:25:2. PMID: 28785469; PMCID: PMC5494150.
3. Hughes CE, Nibbs RJB. A guide to chemokines and their receptors. FEBS J. 2018 Aug;285(16):2944-2971. doi: 10.1111/febs.14466. Epub 2018 Apr 24. PMID: 29637711; PMCID: PMC6120486.
4. Parameswaran N, Patial S. Tumor necrosis factor-α signaling in macrophages. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2010;20(2):87-103. doi: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v20.i2.10. PMID: 21133840; PMCID: PMC3066460.
5. Meldrum DR, Shenkar R, Sheridan BC, Cain BS, Abraham E, Harken AH. Hemorrhage activates myocardial NFkappaB and increases TNF-alpha in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1997 Oct;29(10):2849-54. doi: 10.1006/jmcc.1997.0506. PMID: 9344778.
6. Liew R, Khairunnisa K, Gu Y, Tee N, Yin NO, Naylynn TM, Moe KT. Role of tumor necrosis factor-α in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrosis and development of an arrhythmogenic substrate. Circ J. 2013;77(5):1171-9. doi: 10.1253/circj.cj-12-1155. Epub 2013 Feb 1. PMID: 23370453.
7. Deheuninck J, Luo K. Ski and SnoN, potent negative regulators of TGF-beta signaling. Cell Res. 2009 Jan;19(1):47-57. doi: 10.1038/cr.2008.324. PMID: 19114989; PMCID: PMC3103856.
8. Khosravi F, Ahmadvand N, Bellusci S, Sauer H. The Multifunctional Contribution of FGF Signaling to Cardiac Development, Homeostasis, Disease and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 May 14;9:672935. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672935. PMID: 34095143; PMCID: PMC8169986.
9. Szekely Y, Arbel Y. A Review of Interleukin-1 in Heart Disease: Where Do We Stand Today? Cardiol Ther. 2018 Jun;7(1):25-44. doi: 10.1007/s40119-018-0104-3. Epub 2018 Feb 7. PMID: 29417406; PMCID: PMC5986669.
10. Griffith JW, Sokol CL, Luster AD. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: positioning cells for host defense and immunity. Annual review of immunology. 2014 Mar 21;32:659-702.
11. Dusi V, Ghidoni A, Ravera A, De Ferrari GM, Calvillo L. Chemokines and Heart Disease: A Network Connecting Cardiovascular Biology to Immune and Autonomic Nervous Systems. Mediators Inflamm. Epub 2016 May 3:. doi: 10.1155/2016/5902947.