Main Article Content
Abstract
Leaf extracts from Andrographis Paniculata are becoming more and more important due to their diverse biological and pharmacological characteristics. We now report on the anti-microbial and anti-oxidant investigation of leaf extracts from Andrographis Paniculata, continuing our work on diverse extracts. The leaves were gathered, dried, and ground into a coarse powder before being extracted over a 72-hour period using a Soxhlet apparatus with an aqueous and organic solvent. Following extraction, the leftovers were gathered, dried, and used for early research on compounds like carbohydrates, terpenoids, saponins, amino acids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, among others. After that, it is employed in research on antimicrobials. The extracts were subjected to antimicrobial study. During the antimicrobial study all the different concentration solvent were found to possess moderate antibacterial and antioxidant activity.
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References
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- 28. 9.36.Mosihuzzaman M. Herbal medicine in healthcare-an overview. Natural product communications. 2012 Jun; 7(6):1934578X1200700628.
- 29. Calixto JB. Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents). Brazilian Journal of medical and Biological research. 2000; 33:179-89.
- 30. Zakaria ZA, Balan T, Suppaiah V, Ahmad S, Jamaludin F. Mechanism (s) of action involved in the gastroprotective activity of Andrographis
- 31. Paniculata Journal of ethno pharmacology. 2014 Feb 12; 151(3):1184-93.
- 32. Pereira GA, Arruda HS, de Morais DR, Eberlin MN, Pastore GM. Carbohydrates, volatile and phenolic compounds composition, and antioxidant activity of (Andrographis paniculata L.) fruit. Food research international. 2018 Jun 1; 108:264-73.
- 33. Buhian WP, Rubio RO, Valle Jr DL, Martin-Puzon JJ. Bioactive metabolite profiles and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts from Andrographis paniculata L. leaves and stems. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2016 Aug 1; 6(8):682-5.
References
1. Bennerman R, Burton J, Chen WC, editors. Medicinal plants and primary health care: an agenda for action. Traditional medicine and health care coverage. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1983.
2. Mahady GB. Global harmonization of herbal health claims. J Nutr. 2001;131(3s):1120S-3S. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.3.1120S, PMID 11238830.
3. Rates SM. Plants as source of drugs. Toxicon. 2001;39(5):603-13. doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00154-9, PMID 11072038.
4. Kumar N, Wani ZA, Dhyani S. Ethnobotanical study of the plants used by the local people of Gulmarg and its allied areas, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Int J Curr Res Biosci Plant Biol. 2015;2(9):16-23.
5. Bernhoft A. A brief review on bioactive compounds in plants. In: Bioactive compounds in plants – benefits and risks for man and animals. Oslo: Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters; 2010. p. 11-7.
6. Sarker SD, Nahar L. Chemistry for pharmacy students general, organic and natural product chemistry. England: John Wiley & Sons; 2007. p. 283-359.
7. Fong HH. Integration of herbal medicine into modern medical practices: issues and prospects. Integr Cancer Ther. 2002;1(3):287-93; discussion 293. doi: 10.1177/153473540200100313, PMID 14667286.
8. Carson CF, Riley TV. Toxicity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia or tea tree oil. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1995;33(2):193-4. doi: 10.3109/15563659509000474, PMID 7897762.
9. Cooper EL. Drug discovery, CAM and natural products. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2004;1(3):215-7. doi: 10.1093/ecam/neh032, PMID 15841253.
10. Cooper EL. bioprospecting: the 21st century. CAM: eCAM. pyramid.Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2005;2:125–7.
11. Tsao JCI, Zeltzer LK. Complementary and alternative medicine approaches for pediatric pain: a review of the state-of-the-science. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2005;2:149–59.
12. Solecki R. Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal flower burial in Northern Iraq.Science 1975;190:880–1.5. Bensky D, Gamble A. Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica,Revised edition. Seattle, WA: Eastland Press, Inc., 1993, 13–7.
13. Farnsworth NR, Morris RW. Higher plants—the sleeping giant of drug development. Am J Pharm Sci Support Public Health 1976;148:46– 52.
14. Bacher W. Scham als Name Palastinas. Jew Q Rev 1906;18:564–5
15. Harit Kumar R. Invitro Antimicrobial Activity of Plant Extracts by Turbidity Method (Doctoral dissertation, RVS College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore).
16. CLSI, Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests, Approved Standard, 7th ed., CLSI document M02-A11. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA, 2012.
17. CLSI, Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, Approved Guideline. CLSI document M44-A. CLSI, 940 West
18. Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898, USA, 2004
19. J. Hausdorfer, E. Sompek, F. Allerberger, et al., E-test for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 2 (1998)751–755.
20. S. Magaldi, S. Mata-Essayag, C. Hartung de Capriles, et al., Well diffusion for antifungal susceptibility testing, Int. J. Infect. Dis. 8 (2004) 39–45.
21. C. Valgas, S.M. De Souza, E.F.A. Smânia, et al., Screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of natural products, Braz. J. Microbiol. 38 (2007) 369–380.
22. A.E. Jiménez-Esquilín, T.M. Roane, Antifungal activities of actinomycete strains associated with high-altitude Sagebrush Rhizosphere,
23. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32 (2005) 378–381.
24. L. Elleuch, M. Shaaban, S. Smaoui, et al., Bioactive secondary metabolites from a new terrestrial Streptomyces sp. TN262, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 162 (2010) 579–593.
25. Kokate, C.K., Purohit, A.P., Gokhale, S.B., In; Pharmacognosy, 39th edition, Nirali Prakashan, Pune. 2002; 106-109, 256, 461.
26. Khare RS. Globalizing South Asian Food Cultures. Curried Cultures: Globalization, Food, and South Asia. 2012 May 1; 34:237.
27. Pathak K, Das RJ. Herbal medicine-a rational approach in health care system. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2013; 1(3):86
28. 9.36.Mosihuzzaman M. Herbal medicine in healthcare-an overview. Natural product communications. 2012 Jun; 7(6):1934578X1200700628.
29. Calixto JB. Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents). Brazilian Journal of medical and Biological research. 2000; 33:179-89.
30. Zakaria ZA, Balan T, Suppaiah V, Ahmad S, Jamaludin F. Mechanism (s) of action involved in the gastroprotective activity of Andrographis
31. Paniculata Journal of ethno pharmacology. 2014 Feb 12; 151(3):1184-93.
32. Pereira GA, Arruda HS, de Morais DR, Eberlin MN, Pastore GM. Carbohydrates, volatile and phenolic compounds composition, and antioxidant activity of (Andrographis paniculata L.) fruit. Food research international. 2018 Jun 1; 108:264-73.
33. Buhian WP, Rubio RO, Valle Jr DL, Martin-Puzon JJ. Bioactive metabolite profiles and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts from Andrographis paniculata L. leaves and stems. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2016 Aug 1; 6(8):682-5.