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Abstract
B vitamins are a group of water-soluble nutrients that are necessary for life. These must be obtained through dietary sources; they cannot be synthesized independently in the body. Although they are grouped together and often referred to as vitamin B complex, each of the eight B vitamins is characterized by an important, unique role in the body. All the B vitamins are cofactors that work with a cognate enzyme, or chemical precursors of a cofactor. Cofactors are required for the functioning of some enzymes.B vitamins are a group of 8 water-soluble vitamins. The body does not store them, so they need to be replaced daily. B vitamins are found in animal proteins, dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and beans. Their function can generally be divided into catabolic metabolism, leading to energy production, and anabolic metabolism, resulting in bioactive molecules. They are critical cofactors for axonal transport, synthesis of neurotransmitters, and many cellular metabolic pathways.
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References
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References
1. Zempleni J, Wijeratne SSK, Kuroishi T. Biotin. In: Erdman JW, Macdonald IA, Zeisel SH, editors. Present knowledge in nutrition. 10th ed. New York: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. p. 359-74.
2. Patel DP, Swink SM, Castelo-Soccio L. A review of the use of biotin for hair loss. Skin Appendage Disord. 2017;3(3):166-9. doi: 10.1159/000462981, PMID 28879195, Google Scholar.
3. National Institutes of Health. Vitamin B12. NIH.gov. [accessed Dec 27 2021]. Office of Dietary Supplements; Published 2016.
4. Shergill-Bonner R. Paediatr Child Health. Micronutrients. 2017;27(8):357-62. doi: 10.1016/j.paed.2017.04.002.
5. Kennedy DO. B Vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy--a review. Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68. doi: 10.3390/nu8020068, PMID 26828517.
6. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate. Other B vitamins, and choline. Diet Ref Intakes Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Vitam B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 1998.
7. Suwannasom N, Kao I, Pruß A, Georgieva R, Bäumler H. Riboflavin: the health benefits of a forgotten natural vitamin. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(3):950. doi: 10.3390/ijms21030950, PMID 32023913.
8. Moss M. Drugs as anti‐nutrients. J Nutr Environ Med. 2007;16(2):149-66. doi: 10.1080/13590840701352740.
9. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin B6. [accessed Jul 30, 2021].
10. Parra M, Stahl S, Hellmann H. Vitamin B₆ and Its Role in Cell Metabolism and Physiology. Cells. 2018;7(7):84. doi: 10.3390/cells7070084, PMID 30037155.
11. Zoroddu MA, Aaseth J, Crisponi G, Medici S, Peana M, Nurchi VM. The essential metals for humans: a brief overview. J Inorg Biochem. June 2019;195:120-29. doi: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.013, PMID 30939379.
12. Minerals MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US. [retrieved Dec 24 2016]. National Institutes of Health; December 22 2016.
13. Berdanier CD, Dwyer JT, Heber D. Handbook of nutrition and food. 3rd ed. [retrieved Jul 3 2016]. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4665-0572-8; April 19 2016. p. 211-24.
14. Currey JD. The design of mineralised hard tissues for their mechanical functions. J Exp Biol. 1999;202(23):3285-94. doi: 10.1242/jeb.202.23.3285, PMID 10562511.
15. Nelson DL, Cox MM. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. 3rd ed (3 Har/Com ed.). W H Freeman. ISBN 1-57259-931-6; February 15 2000. p. 1200.
16. Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients 2001. "6. Chromium. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, chromium, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and chromium. National Academies Press. pp. 197-223.
17. European Food Safety Authority. September 18 2014. [retrieved Mar 20 2018].
18. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies of Sciences. [retrieved Jan 4 2020].
19. Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and minerals (PDF), [retrieved Jan 4 2020]. European Food Safety Authority; 2006.
20. Corbridge DE. Phosphorus: an outline of its chemistry, biochemistry, and technology. 5th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-444-89307-5; February 1 1995. p. 1220.