Main Article Content
Abstract
For fertilization to happen, the foremost is sperm and an egg cell. In detailed study on fertilization, scientist had shown the mystery behind fertilization, that most important is the surface protein receptors, which is found on the surface of an egg cell, named Izumo and a similar complimentary receptor found on the surface of sperm cell, named Juno. Discovery of Izumo and Juno has created a breakthrough in the field of infertility research which will surely help infertile patients with a new ray of hope.
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References
- 1. Gardner, A. J. & Evans, J. P. (2006) Mammalian membrane block to polyspermy: new insights into how mammalian eggs prevent fertilisation by multiple sperm. Reprod. Fertil. Dev, 53–61.
- 2. Ikawa, M., Inoue, N., Benham, A. M. & Okabe, M.(2010) Fertilization: a sperm’s journey to and interaction with the oocyte. J. Clin. Invest 984–994.
- 3. Inoue, N., Ikawa, M., Isotani, A. & Okabe, M.(2005) The immunoglobulin superfamily protein Izumo is required for sperm to fuse with eggs. Nature, 234–238.
- 4. Le Naour, F., Rubinstein, E., Jasmin, C., Prenant, M. & Boucheix, C. (2000) severely reduced female fertility in CD9-deficient mice. Science, 319–321.
- 5. Miyado, K. et al.(2000) Requirement of CD9 on the egg plasma membrane for fertilization. Science, 321–324.
- 6. Kaji, K. et al. (2000) the gamete fusion process is defective in eggs of Cd9-deficient mice. Nature Genet, 279–282.
- 7. Satouh, Y., Inoue, N., Ikawa, M. & Okabe, M. (2012) Visualization of the moment of mouse sperm-egg fusion and dynamic localization of IZUMO1. J. Cell Sci, 4985–4990.
- 8. Inoue, N. et al. (2013) Molecular dissection of IZUMO1, a sperm protein essential for sperm-egg fusion. Development, 3221–3229.
- 9. Coonrod, S. A. et al. (1999) Treatment of mouse oocytes with PI-PLC releases 70-kDa (pI 5) and 35- to 45-kDa (pI 5.5) protein clusters from the egg surface and inhibits sperm-oolemma binding and fusion. Dev. Biol, 334–349.
- 10. Alfieri, J. A. et al. (2003) Infertility in female mice with an oocyte-specific knockout of GPI-anchored proteins. J. Cell Sci, 2149–2155.
- 11. Wright, G. J. (2009) Signal initiation in biological systems: the properties and detection of transient extracellular protein interactions. Mol. Biosyst, 1405–1412.
- 12. Yamaguchi, T. et al. (2007) Control of immune responses by antigen-specific regulatory T cells expressing the folate receptor. Immunity, 145–159.
- 13. Teng, M. W. et al. (2010) Multiple antitumor mechanisms downstream of prophylactic regulatory T-cell depletion. Cancer Res, 2665–2674.
- 14. Liang, S. C., Moskalenko, M., Van Roey, M. & Jooss, K. (2013) Depletion of regulatory T cells by targeting folate receptor 4 enhances the potency of a GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy. Clin. Immunol, 287–298
- 15. Kunisawa, J., Hashimoto, E., Ishikawa, I. & Kiyono, H. (2012) A pivotal role of vitamin B9 in the maintenance of regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS ONE, e32094.
- 16. Kinoshita, M. et al. (2012) Dietary folic acid promotes survival of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the colon. J. Immunol, 2869–2878.
- 17. Salbaum, J. M., Kruger, C. & Kappen, C.(2013) Mutation at the folate receptor 4 locus modulates gene expression profiles in the mouse uterus in response to periconceptional folate supplementation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1653–1661.
- 18. Chen, C. et al. (2013) Structural basis for molecular recognition of folic acid by folate receptors.Nature, 486–489.
- 19. Wibowo, A. S. et al. (2013) Structures of human folate receptors reveal biological trafficking states and diversity in folate and antifolate recognition. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 15180–15188.
References
1. Gardner, A. J. & Evans, J. P. (2006) Mammalian membrane block to polyspermy: new insights into how mammalian eggs prevent fertilisation by multiple sperm. Reprod. Fertil. Dev, 53–61.
2. Ikawa, M., Inoue, N., Benham, A. M. & Okabe, M.(2010) Fertilization: a sperm’s journey to and interaction with the oocyte. J. Clin. Invest 984–994.
3. Inoue, N., Ikawa, M., Isotani, A. & Okabe, M.(2005) The immunoglobulin superfamily protein Izumo is required for sperm to fuse with eggs. Nature, 234–238.
4. Le Naour, F., Rubinstein, E., Jasmin, C., Prenant, M. & Boucheix, C. (2000) severely reduced female fertility in CD9-deficient mice. Science, 319–321.
5. Miyado, K. et al.(2000) Requirement of CD9 on the egg plasma membrane for fertilization. Science, 321–324.
6. Kaji, K. et al. (2000) the gamete fusion process is defective in eggs of Cd9-deficient mice. Nature Genet, 279–282.
7. Satouh, Y., Inoue, N., Ikawa, M. & Okabe, M. (2012) Visualization of the moment of mouse sperm-egg fusion and dynamic localization of IZUMO1. J. Cell Sci, 4985–4990.
8. Inoue, N. et al. (2013) Molecular dissection of IZUMO1, a sperm protein essential for sperm-egg fusion. Development, 3221–3229.
9. Coonrod, S. A. et al. (1999) Treatment of mouse oocytes with PI-PLC releases 70-kDa (pI 5) and 35- to 45-kDa (pI 5.5) protein clusters from the egg surface and inhibits sperm-oolemma binding and fusion. Dev. Biol, 334–349.
10. Alfieri, J. A. et al. (2003) Infertility in female mice with an oocyte-specific knockout of GPI-anchored proteins. J. Cell Sci, 2149–2155.
11. Wright, G. J. (2009) Signal initiation in biological systems: the properties and detection of transient extracellular protein interactions. Mol. Biosyst, 1405–1412.
12. Yamaguchi, T. et al. (2007) Control of immune responses by antigen-specific regulatory T cells expressing the folate receptor. Immunity, 145–159.
13. Teng, M. W. et al. (2010) Multiple antitumor mechanisms downstream of prophylactic regulatory T-cell depletion. Cancer Res, 2665–2674.
14. Liang, S. C., Moskalenko, M., Van Roey, M. & Jooss, K. (2013) Depletion of regulatory T cells by targeting folate receptor 4 enhances the potency of a GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy. Clin. Immunol, 287–298
15. Kunisawa, J., Hashimoto, E., Ishikawa, I. & Kiyono, H. (2012) A pivotal role of vitamin B9 in the maintenance of regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS ONE, e32094.
16. Kinoshita, M. et al. (2012) Dietary folic acid promotes survival of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the colon. J. Immunol, 2869–2878.
17. Salbaum, J. M., Kruger, C. & Kappen, C.(2013) Mutation at the folate receptor 4 locus modulates gene expression profiles in the mouse uterus in response to periconceptional folate supplementation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1653–1661.
18. Chen, C. et al. (2013) Structural basis for molecular recognition of folic acid by folate receptors.Nature, 486–489.
19. Wibowo, A. S. et al. (2013) Structures of human folate receptors reveal biological trafficking states and diversity in folate and antifolate recognition. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 15180–15188.