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Abstract
Valproic acid is an antiepileptic drug prescribed as monotherapy in newly diagnosed cases of Epilepsy. It is also useful in combating generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures, Partial Seizures, and Myoclonic Seizures. It acts by increasing the levels of the Neurotransmitter GABA in the cerebrum. Valproate inhibits sustained repetitive firing induced by depolarization of cortical or spinal cord neurons. It produces small reductions of the low-threshold (T) Calcium current at clinically relevant but slightly higher concentrations then limit sustained repetitive firing. Reducing T currents may contribute to the effectiveness of Valproic acid against partial and tonic–clonic seizures and absence seizures respectively. In vitro, Valproate can stimulate the activity of the GABA synthetic enzymes, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase and inhibit GABA degradative enzymes, GABA transaminases. However, studies show that they cause defects in the formation of neural tube if used during pregnancy. In the present study fertilized eggs were administered with Sodium Valproate and the development of neural tube was studied after 21 days. The histological and gross features of neural tube were identified.
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References
- [1] V. Hamburger & H.L. Hamilton; 1951 ,page 55-57
- [2] Katie Alexandera Lloyd. “A scientific review: mechanisms of Valproate-mediated teratogenesis” Oxford university press, Bioscience Horizons (1-10): volume 6, 2013.
- [3] Kelly PG, Regan CM. “study on Valproate-induced perturbations of neurulation in the explanted chick embryo.” Toxicology.71 (1-2):137-44. 1992.
- [4] Kaneko.S, K.Otani, Y.Fukushima, T.Sato, Y Nomura & Y.Ogawa “transplacental passage and half life of sodium Valproate in infants born to epileptic mothers” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 15, 1983.
- [5] Ornoy A. Valproic acid in pregnancy: how much are we endangering the embryo and fetus? Reproductive Toxicology.28 (1):1-10. 2009
- [6] Alexander.F.W “Sodium Valproate and pregnancy.” Arch. Dis. Child., 54, 240. 1979.
- [7] Dickinson et al. Transmission of Valproic acid (Depakene) across the placenta: Half-life of the drug in mother and baby. J. Pediatr., 94, 832. 1979.
- [8] Dickinson's group (1979) and Nau's group, “Transmission of Valproic acid (Depakene) across the placenta: Half-life of the drug in mother and baby”. J. Pediatr., 94, 832. 1982.
- [9] Cecilie M Lander “Antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy and lactation.” 2006.
- [10] N Adab, U Kini et al. “The longer term outcome of children born to mothers with epilepsy”Journal of Neurology ,Neurosurgery Psychiatry;75:1575-1583,2004.
- [11] Somsak Tiamkao “The efficacy of intravenous sodium Valproate and phenytoin as the first-line treatment in status epilepticus: a comparison study”, Bio Medical Central, Neurology, 13:98, 2013.
- [12] G.Mawer et al. studied “Pregnancy with epilepsy: Obstetric and neonatal outcome of a controlled study” 2010.
References
[1] V. Hamburger & H.L. Hamilton; 1951 ,page 55-57
[2] Katie Alexandera Lloyd. “A scientific review: mechanisms of Valproate-mediated teratogenesis” Oxford university press, Bioscience Horizons (1-10): volume 6, 2013.
[3] Kelly PG, Regan CM. “study on Valproate-induced perturbations of neurulation in the explanted chick embryo.” Toxicology.71 (1-2):137-44. 1992.
[4] Kaneko.S, K.Otani, Y.Fukushima, T.Sato, Y Nomura & Y.Ogawa “transplacental passage and half life of sodium Valproate in infants born to epileptic mothers” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 15, 1983.
[5] Ornoy A. Valproic acid in pregnancy: how much are we endangering the embryo and fetus? Reproductive Toxicology.28 (1):1-10. 2009
[6] Alexander.F.W “Sodium Valproate and pregnancy.” Arch. Dis. Child., 54, 240. 1979.
[7] Dickinson et al. Transmission of Valproic acid (Depakene) across the placenta: Half-life of the drug in mother and baby. J. Pediatr., 94, 832. 1979.
[8] Dickinson's group (1979) and Nau's group, “Transmission of Valproic acid (Depakene) across the placenta: Half-life of the drug in mother and baby”. J. Pediatr., 94, 832. 1982.
[9] Cecilie M Lander “Antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy and lactation.” 2006.
[10] N Adab, U Kini et al. “The longer term outcome of children born to mothers with epilepsy”Journal of Neurology ,Neurosurgery Psychiatry;75:1575-1583,2004.
[11] Somsak Tiamkao “The efficacy of intravenous sodium Valproate and phenytoin as the first-line treatment in status epilepticus: a comparison study”, Bio Medical Central, Neurology, 13:98, 2013.
[12] G.Mawer et al. studied “Pregnancy with epilepsy: Obstetric and neonatal outcome of a controlled study” 2010.