International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
Welcome to IJRPP, International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics (IJRPP) is a peer-reviewed, Quarterly official international journal allowing access to abstracts and full-text. The journal is devoted to the promotion of pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines (Pharmacology, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry & Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical & Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics & Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics including biotechnology, cell & molecular biology, Pharmaceutical biotechnology/microbiology, medical and other life sciences). ISSN - International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics Online : 2278-2656 Print : 2278-2648 International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics seeks to foster multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, pharmaceutical industries and healthcare sector as well as provide an international forum for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and opinions in pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines. Although primarily devoted to original research papers, the journal particularly welcomes reviews on current topics of special interest and relevance. All manuscripts will be subjected to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not already under consideration for publication) will be published. EDITOR.
Futuristic Publications, 408, Sai Satya Nilayam, Road No.1, Shankar Nagar, Peerzadiguda, Hyderabad-500039, Telangana.
PALMYRA PALM FRUIT AS AN ANTI INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY
The palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer L.) is a traditionally valued tropical plant widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia, particularly in India and Sri Lanka. Various parts of the plant have been utilized in indigenous medicine systems for centuries, with the fruit receiving increasing scientific attention due to its nutritional richness and therapeutic potential. The palmyra palm fruit contains diverse bioactive constituents including polyphenols, flavonoids, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant compounds that contribute to multiple pharmacological activities. Recent experimental and clinical investigations suggest that these phytochemicals play a significant role in modulating inflammatory pathways and improving glycemic control. Chronic inflammation and diabetes mellitus are closely interrelated metabolic disorders characterized by oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and altered cytokine production. Natural plant-based interventions have emerged as promising alternatives or adjunct therapies because of their safety profile and multifunctional biological effects. Evidence indicates that palmyra fruit extracts may inhibit inflammatory mediators, reduce oxidative damage, enhance insulin sensitivity, and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. This article reviews the pharmacological profile, existing literature, experimental evidence, and methodological approaches related to the anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities of palmyra palm fruit. The study aims to consolidate current knowledge and provide a scientific framework for future therapeutic and clinical investigations involving this underutilized functional food resource.
Palmyra palm fruit; Anti-inflammatory activity; Anti-diabetic activity; Phytochemicals; Oxidative stress; Functional food
Evaluation of Abnormal Gestation Induced by Corticostroids in Ivf [In Vitro Fertilisation] Procedure
Corticosteroids in IVF – Benefits and Risks: Corticosteroids like prednisolone and dexamethasone are utilized in IVF to enhance implantation by suppressing maternal immune responses and reducing uterine inflammation. While effective for patients with recurrent failure or autoimmune disorders, their use remains controversial due to significant maternal and fetal complications. Fetal risks include Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR), neonatal adrenal suppression, and congenital anomalies such as orofacial clefts or clubfoot. Furthermore, steroids can weaken the amniotic sac’s collagen structure, increasing the risk of Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) and neonatal sepsis. Maternally, prolonged use is associated with gestational diabetes, hypertension, and Cushingoid features like fluid retention and weight gain. Paradoxically, inappropriate steroid levels can disrupt the hormonal balance needed to sustain pregnancy, potentially leading to miscarriage. Due to these risks, safer immunomodulatory alternatives including IVIG, Tacrolimus, Hydroxychloroquine, and Intralipid therapy are increasingly preferred. When combined with nutritional support (Vitamin D, Omega-3s) and anti-inflammatory lifestyle adjustments, these alternatives aim to improve reproductive success while prioritizing maternal-fetal safety and reducing systemic side effects.
IVF, Corticosteroids; Immune Modulation; Implantation Success; FGR/IUGR, PROM, Gestational Diabetes; Preeclampsia; Congenital Anomalies; Adrenal Suppression, Placental Insufficiency; Immunomodulatory Alternatives (IVIG/Tacrolimus/HCQ)
INTERVENTIONAL STUDY OF LIQUID NITROGEN ON BREAST CANCER BY CRYOABLATION TECHNIQUE
Breast cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, creating a need for minimally invasive and cosmetically acceptable treatments. Cryoablation, a percutaneous technique using extreme cold to destroy malignant tissue, has emerged as an alternative to surgery in selected early-stage cases. This study examines the use of liquid nitrogen (−196°C) in breast cancer cryoablation, focusing on its mechanisms, procedure, material compatibility, dosing, and therapeutic outcomes. Freezing induces ice crystal formation, cellular dehydration, vascular damage, and tumor necrosis, while potentially stimulating anti-tumor immunity. Clinical evidence, including ICE3 trial results, reports a 96.39% five-year local recurrence-free survival rate in low-risk tumors under 1.5 cm, with minimal complications and excellent cosmetic outcomes, supporting its safety and effectiveness in carefully selected patients.
Breast Cancer, liquid Nitrogen, Cryoablation
RESVERATROL NANOFORMULATION FOR CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION AND THERAPY
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and conventional chemotherapy is often limited by non-specific targeting, systemic toxicity, and poor therapeutic efficacy. Recent advances in nanotechnology have introduced nanoformulation-based drug delivery systems as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations. Nanoparticles, typically below 100 nm in size, enhance drug stability, solubility, bioavailability, and selective accumulation in tumor tissues through passive and active targeting mechanisms such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Various nanoformulations including nanocrystals, nanocapsules, nanospheres, nanosponges, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, and vesicular systems have been explored for cancer therapy. Among chemopreventive agents, resveratrol—a natural polyphenolic compound—has gained significant attention due to its antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anticancer properties. However, its clinical application is limited by poor solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid metabolism. Nano-encapsulation of resveratrol effectively addresses these challenges by improving its pharmacokinetic profile, enhancing cellular uptake, and enabling controlled and targeted delivery. Resveratrol-based nanoformulations have demonstrated improved anticancer efficacy against various cancers, including breast, lung, colon, and prostate cancers, by modulating key molecular pathways and inducing apoptosis while reducing systemic toxicity. Thus, nanoformulation-based delivery of resveratrol represents a promising approach for effective cancer prevention and therapy.
Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapy, Resveratrol Nano-formulations, Targeted Drug Delivery Systems, Cancer Chemoprevention
A Comparative Review of Aloe barbadensis Miller and Aloe arborescens
Muntingia calabura Linn. Belongs to the family Muntingiaceae, commonly known as Jamaican cherry, is a traditionally valued medicinal plant used in folk medicine for the management of headache, fever, gastric ulcers, inflammation and diabetes. The present study was aimed to evaluate the physicochemical parameters, preliminary phytochemical screening, in-vitro antioxidant activity and alpha-amylase inhibitory effect of M. calabura leaves. Physicochemical parameters such as ash values, extractive values and moisture content were determined to assess quality and purity. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard qualitative tests. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated through established radical scavenging assays, while antidiabetic potential was assessed using the alpha-amylase inhibition method. The extract exhibited significant, concentration-dependent antioxidant activity and α-amylase inhibitory effect, indicating potential to mitigate oxidative stress and postprandial hyperglycemia. Overall, the findings provide scientific validation for the traditional use of M. calabura and support its potential as a promising natural source of antioxidant and antidiabetic agents. Further bioassay-guided isolation and mechanistic studies are recommended.
Aloe barbadensis Miller, Aloe arborescens, Phytochemicals, Pharmacological activities, Antioxidant, Anticancer
Pharmacognostical Preliminary Phytochemical Exploration and its In-Vitro Antioxidant and Alpha Amylase Inhibitory Effect of Muntingia Calabura Linn
Muntingia calabura Linn. belongs to the family Muntingiaceae, commonly known as Jamaican cherry, is a traditionally valued medicinal plant used in folk medicine for the management of headache, fever, gastric ulcers, inflammation and diabetes. The present study was aimed to evaluate the physicochemical parameters, preliminary phytochemical screening, in-vitro antioxidant activity and alpha-amylase inhibitory effect of M. calabura leaves. Physicochemical parameters such as ash values, extractive values and moisture content were determined to assess quality and purity. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard qualitative tests. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated through established radical scavenging assays, while antidiabetic potential was assessed using the alpha-amylase inhibition method. The extract exhibited significant, concentration-dependent antioxidant activity and α-amylase inhibitory effect, indicating potential to mitigate oxidative stress and postprandial hyperglycemia. Overall, the findings provide scientific validation for the traditional use of M. calabura and support its potential as a promising natural source of antioxidant and antidiabetic agents. Further bioassay-guided isolation and mechanistic studies are recommended.
Alpha-amylase inhibition, in-vitro antioxidant activity, Muntingia calabura, physicochemical evaluation, preliminary phytochemical screening.
Review Study on Yanai Nerunji /Pedalium Murex as an Diuretic Activity
Many traditional medical systems, including Ayurveda, Siddha, and folk practices, use Pedalium murex Linn. (Yanai Nerunji), a medicinal plant in the Pedaliaceae family, to treat reproductive, renal, and urinary diseases. The plant's varied pharmacological actions are attributed to its abundance of bioactive phytoconstituents, which include flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, steroids, tannins, and mucilage. It has long been used as a natural diuretic and to treat kidney stones, inflammation, urinary tract infections, and dysuria. These conventional claims are supported by scientific research, which mostly uses preclinical animal models to emphasize its diuretic, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. The material that is currently accessible on Pedalium murex's phytochemistry, traditional applications, pharmacological characteristics, and therapeutic value is compiled and examined in this review.
Diuretic action, urinary problems, nephroprotective activity, anti-urolithiatic, phytochemistry, traditional medicine, herbal medication, Yanai Nerunji, Pedalium murex
CORRELATION BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF AMA CAUSING PRANAVAHA STROTO DUSHTI VIKARA WITH REFERENCE TO GUT RESPIRATORY AXIS- A CRITICAL REVIEW
Introduction: In Ayurvedic physiology, the integrity of Agni (digestive fire) is essential for maintaining health. Impairment of Jatharagni leads to the formation of Āma, a toxic and incompletely metabolized substance characterized by guru (heavy) and picchila (sticky) properties. Āma accumulates in Dhatus (tissues) and obstructs Srotas (body channels), resulting in Srotodushti. When this pathology affects Pranavaha Srotas (respiratory channels), it manifests as respiratory disorders such as Tamaka Shwasa (bronchial asthma). Modern biomedical research describes a similar interaction through the gut–lung axis, where gut microbial imbalance influences pulmonary immunity and inflammation. Materials and Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Electronic databases including PubMed and Google Scholar were searched along with classical Ayurvedic texts such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Keywords included Ama, Jatharagni, Pranavaha Srotas, Srotodushti, and gut–lung axis. Relevant peer-reviewed studies, reviews, and Ayurvedic conceptual analyses were selected. Results: Classical Ayurvedic literature attributes respiratory disorders to systemic spread of Āma arising from impaired digestion, leading to obstruction of Pranavaha Srotas and symptoms like dyspnea, wheezing, and cough. Modern studies show that gut dysbiosis alters immune responses via microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, affecting cytokine production, T-cell differentiation, and airway inflammation. Increased intestinal permeability and endotoxemia further promote pulmonary inflammation. Discussion: The Ayurvedic concept of Āma-mediated Srotodushti parallels the modern gut–lung axis model. Both frameworks highlight digestive dysfunction as a contributor to systemic immune imbalance and respiratory pathology. Integrating these perspectives may aid in identifying biomarkers of Āma, gut dysbiosis, and inflammatory mediators, encouraging future interdisciplinary research and integrative therapeutic approaches.
Ama, Pranavaha Strotas, Srotodushti, gut respiratory axis, Tamaka Shwasa, Agni.
Review Study on Ear Equilibrium that Affect the Speech Ability
Intracranial pressure (ICP) represents the pressure exerted by brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and cerebral blood volume within the rigid cranial vault. Any pathological alteration in ICP, particularly sustained elevation, can result in significant neurological dysfunction. Among the various affected neurological domains, speech and language abilities are especially vulnerable due to the sensitivity of cortical and subcortical speech centers to pressure-related ischemia, edema, and neuronal injury. Disorders of speech such as aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia of speech, and reduced verbal fluency have been increasingly reported in patients with conditions associated with raised ICP, including traumatic brain injury, intracranial hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, brain tumors, and central nervous system infections. The relationship between intracranial pressure dynamics and speech impairment is complex and involves neuroanatomical disruption, altered cerebral perfusion, and neurotransmitter imbalance. Pharmacological interventions aimed at reducing ICP, such as osmotic diuretics, corticosteroids, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, play a critical role in preventing secondary brain injury and preserving speech function. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the effects of altered intracranial pressure on speech ability, highlighting underlying mechanisms, drug profiles, and therapeutic strategies. Understanding this relationship is essential for early diagnosis, effective management, and rehabilitation planning to improve neurological and communicative outcomes in affected patients.
Intracranial pressure, Speech impairment, Aphasia, Cerebral edema, Pharmacotherapy, Neurolinguistics
Association Between Milk and Dairy Product Intake and The Risk of Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents- A Questionnaire Based Study
To date, few studies have comprehensively explored the associations between milk and dairy product intake and dental caries. Therefore, this study aimed to simultaneously assess the associations between whole milk, low-fat milk, skim milk, yogurt, milk desserts, cheese, creams, and total fluid milk in-take and the risk of dental caries in children and adolescents. Aim: To assess the associations between whole milk, low-fat milk, skim milk, yogurt, milk desserts, cheese, creams, and total fluid milk in take and the risk of dental caries in children and adolescents. Objective: To evaluate the level of awareness regarding the associations between milk and dairy product intake and dental caries And To determine students perception about its uses and risks. Method: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2016. Two 24-hour dietary recall interviews measured dietary milk and dairy product intake. Primary teeth caries was diagnosed by the dfs (decayed or filled primary tooth surfaces) index, and permanent teeth caries was diagnosed by the DMFS (decayed, missing, or filled permanent tooth surfaces) index. We used logistic regression to explore the associations between milk and dairy product intake and the risk of dental caries.
dental caries, yogurt, cheese, children, adolescents.
Future Prospects of Natural Dyes in Textiles and Cosmetic Industry
Natural colorants made from plants, animals, and minerals were the main source for dyeing and printing for thousands of years. Due to their consistency and cost, synthetic dyes gradually took over the market, but their use has resulted in serious health hazards, including mutagenic and carcinogenic consequences, as well as environmental damage. This has led to a resurgence of interest in natural, environmentally friendly substitutes, especially in the textile and cosmetic sectors. The peels of pomegranates (*Punica granatum L.) contain important tannins and the coloring agent granatonine, making them a powerful natural dye source. According to research, ethanol water solutions can be used to successfully extract crude dye from pomegranate peels, which can then be refined for use on silk and leather. Sustainable colouration with increased fastness can be attained by optimising dyeing parameters like temperature, duration, and pH and by using natural mordants and fixing agents like gum rosin.
Natural colorants, pomegranates (*Punica granatum L.), granatonine
Veliparuthi (Pergularia Daemia): A Comprehensive Review on Botanical Characteristics, Phytochemical Constituents, Traditional Uses, and Pharmacological Activities
The present investigation focuses on the phytochemical analysis and therapeutic potential of Pergularia daemia. Traditionally, this medicinal plant has been used for its laxative, antipyretic, and expectorant properties, as well as in the treatment of infantile diarrhea and malarial fever. The study includes preliminary phytochemical screening followed by an evaluation of antibacterial activity. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, quinones, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, steroids, and glycosides. Among the various solvent extracts, the hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Pergularia daemia showed a higher concentration of these bioactive constituents. Antimicrobial activity was observed against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, indicating the potential effectiveness of the plant extract.
Pergularia daemia, laxative, antipyretic, expectorant
Medicinal Importance and Phytochemical Constituents af Drynaria Quercifolia: An Analytical Review
The botanical characteristics, geographic range, and ethnomedical uses of D. quercifolia were all covered in detail in this thorough analysis. Additionally, a phytochemical analysis of the rhizome was conducted, yielding values for water-soluble ash (50%), acid-insoluble ash (12.5%), and total ash (8%). The existence of important secondary metabolites such tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and sterols was verified by sequential solvent extraction and qualitative screening of petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and aqueous extracts. Eleven more bioactive chemicals were found by GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract, supporting the plant's medicinal potential and confirming its use in conventional and preventative medicine.
Lactoferrin as A Natural Preservative: Sources, Mechanisms, and Applications in Food and Pharmaceutical Industries
To stop microbiological deterioration and increase shelf life, preservatives are crucial for food and medicinal items. Naturally produced preservatives have drawn more attention as consumers' preferences for natural and clean-label ingredients expand. The categorization of preservatives is covered in this review, with a special emphasis on lactoferrin and natural preservatives derived from plant, animal, and microbial sources. The iron-binding glycoprotein lactoferrin, which is widely found in milk and colostrum, has antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory qualities. The review focuses on lactoferrin's physicochemical properties, sources, and structure that support its biological roles. Iron sequestration, microbial membrane rupture, and immunological regulation are some of its modes of action. Lactoferrin's uses in the food business are covered, including dairy products, baby formula, bio preservation, and antimicrobial food packaging. Lactoferrin is shown to be a promising natural preservative and functional food ingredient by safety assessments and regulatory considerations.
Lactoferrin , Natural Preservatives, Antimicrobial Activity, Food Preservation, Biopreservation and Food Safety.
Essential Oils and Bioactive Compounds as Natural Preservatives: Focus on Ocimum Basilicum and Momordica Charantia
Preservatives play a vital role in maintaining the quality, safety, and shelf life of food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products by preventing microbial growth and oxidative deterioration. However, the widespread use of synthetic preservatives has raised health and safety concerns among consumers, leading to increased interest in natural alternatives. This review focuses on plant-derived natural preservatives, particularly essential oils and bioactive compounds obtained from Ocimum basilicum (basil) and Momordica charantia (bitter gourd). Essential oils extracted from basil are rich in biologically active constituents such as linalool, eugenol, and estragole, which exhibit strong antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. These properties make basil oil an effective natural preservative for food packaging and processing applications. Similarly, Momordica charantia contains diverse phytochemicals including triterpenes, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and insulin-like peptides, contributing to its antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and nutraceutical properties. The review highlights extraction methods, chemical composition, mechanisms of antioxidant action, and the potential applications of these plant-based preservatives. Overall, natural preservatives derived from plants offer a safer, sustainable, and health promoting alternative to synthetic preservatives, supporting their increasing use in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Natural Preservatives, Essential oils, Ocimum basilicum, Momordica charantia, Antimicrobial activity, Food Preservatives.
Natural Colourants from Tagetes Erecta (Marigold): Chemistry, Health Benefits, and Food Industry Applications
Essential non-wood forest products utilized in a variety of industries, such as food, textiles, and cosmetics, are natural colorants and dyes. Natural dyes that are safe for the environment are becoming more popular as synthetic colours become less popular due to worries about their possible carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. A customer's perception of flavour and decision to buy a product are influenced by colour, which is an important component of food quality. Colour additives have been used in food since the Bronze Age in Europe and were first recorded in China circa 2600 BC. The Asteraceae family includes the marigold flower, Tagetes erecta L., which is an important source of natural colorants. Although it is widely grown in countries like China, it is native to Mexico and South America. Lutein makes up 80–90% of the total carotenoids in Tagetes erecta flowers, making it one of the best natural sources of the xanthophyll carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein. Terpenoids, phenolic substances (like chlorogenic acid), and flavonoids (like quercetin and rutin) are other important phytochemicals found in marigold. Antibacterial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, antiepileptic, anti-diabetic, anti-depressant, mosquitocidal, and anti-fungal properties are only a few of the many pharmacological activity exhibited by T. erecta. Marigold is a versatile crop from an industrial standpoint. Its natural colorants, lutein and zeaxanthin, are used in the food industry to give items a yellow-to-orange hue, and in the poultry sector to improve the colour of egg yolks and broiler skin. Additionally, it is used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors, agriculture as a bio-fumigant, and textiles for environmentally friendly dyes.
Natural Colourants, Tagetes Erecta, Marigold Flower, Marigold Powder, Food, wet Noodle.
Formulation and Evaluation of Nebivolol Oral Jellies Using Natural Polymers for Patient-Centric Antihypertensive Therapy
This study aimed to formulate and evaluate nebivolol oral jellies using natural polymers as a patient-friendly antihypertensive dosage form suited for pediatric, geriatric, and dysphagic populations. Six formulations (F1–F6) were prepared employing sodium alginate (F1–F3) and a xanthan gum–locust bean gum blend (F4–F6) at varying concentrations to assess their influence on gel strength, drug release, and stability. A validated UV–Visible spectrophotometric method (2–10 µg/mL, R² = 0.999) ensured accurate drug quantification. FTIR spectra confirmed the absence of drug–polymer interactions. All formulations met quality parameters, displaying uniform weight, acceptable pH (4.02–4.20), appropriate moisture content (21–23%), controlled water activity (0.57–0.62), and consistent drug content (97–99%). Texture analysis showed increased firmness with polymer concentration, while in-vitro dissolution demonstrated >80% drug release within 60 minutes for all batches. Among them, F4 exhibited the most desirable balance of firmness, spreadability, stability, and rapid drug release (91.28% at 60 minutes). Accelerated stability testing (40°C/75% RH, 60 days) revealed no significant physicochemical changes. The findings support F4 as a robust, palatable, and stable natural-polymer-based nebivolol jelly with strong potential for patient-centric antihypertensive therapy.
Nebivolol, Xanthan gum, Locust bean gum, Oral Jellies, Natural Polymers, Antihypertensive.
Egg albumin denaturation assay for in vitro evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Caesalpinia crista seed
Protein denaturation, one of the intricate biological processes involved in inflammation, leads to tissue damage and inflammatory diseases. Using the egg albumin protein denaturation assay, the current study assessed the ethanolic seed extract of Caesalpinia crista's in vitro anti-inflammatory effectiveness. Following Soxhlet extraction of the seeds, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and other secondary metabolites were detected by first phytochemical screening. Indomethacin was utilized as the reference medication, and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated at several doses (20–100 µg/mL). With a maximal inhibition of 90.47%, the ethanolic extract demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation, demonstrating notable efficacy at higher doses. The extract showed noteworthy protein stabilizing characteristics, while having a somewhat lower activity than indomethacin. The presence of bioactive phytoconstituents may be responsible for the effect that has been seen. These results imply that Caesalpinia crista seeds have encouraging anti-inflammatory properties and merit additional mechanistic and in vivo research.
Protein denaturation, Indomethacin, Caesalpinia crista
Herbal Transdermal Films for Osteoarthritis: Integrating Traditional Medicine with Patient-Centered Drug Delivery
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, progressive joint disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide and significantly impairs daily functioning and quality of life. Persistent pain, stiffness, and restricted mobility often limit independence, particularly among older adults. Although oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain widely prescribed, their long-term use is frequently associated with adverse systemic effects. Herbal transdermal films have recently emerged as a promising therapeutic approach that combines traditional medicinal knowledge with modern drug-delivery technology. These systems enable sustained and localized delivery of plant-derived bioactive compounds directly to affected joints, thereby reducing systemic exposure. This review critically examines current research on herbal transdermal films for osteoarthritis, including formulation strategies, pharmacological mechanisms, preclinical and clinical evidence, safety considerations, and future prospects. Available studies suggest encouraging therapeutic potential; however, well-designed clinical trials are required to establish their long-term efficacy and safety. With continued scientific validation, herbal transdermal films may become valuable components of patient-centered osteoarthritis management.
Osteoarthritis, herbal medicine, transdermal films, drug delivery, pain management, phytotherapy.
Evolving Perspectives in Asthma: From Inflammation to Precision Therapy
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. It affects individuals of all age groups and represents a significant global health burden. The pathophysiology of asthma involves complex interactions among airway inflammation, genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and immune dysregulation. This review provides an overview of asthma including its introduction, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, classification, diagnosis, Treatment, and recent advances in therapy. Understanding these aspects is essential for effective disease control and improvement of patient quality life.
Asthma; airway inflammation; bronchoconstriction; inhaled corticosteroids
Targeting Receptor Tyrosine Kinase–Driven Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer Using Dietary Polyphenols: Molecular Crosstalk Between EGFR, HER2, VEGFR2, and Downstream Survival Pathways
Breast cancer progression and therapeutic resistance are strongly influenced by aberrant receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)–mediated signaling transduction, particularly involving epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2). Although RTK-targeted therapies have significantly improved patient outcomes, their long-term efficacy is frequently compromised by adaptive resistance arising from receptor crosstalk, pathway redundancy, and downstream survival signaling. Increasing attention has therefore been directed toward multitarget strategies capable of disrupting RTK signaling networks rather than individual receptors. Naturally occurring dietary polyphenols have emerged as promising candidates in this context due to their pleiotropic molecular actions, favorable safety profiles, and ability to modulate multiple oncogenic pathways simultaneously. Accumulating in-vitro and in-vivo evidence indicates that polyphenol combinations can inhibit RTK activation, suppress PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling, attenuate angiogenesis, reverse multidrug resistance, and promote apoptosis in breast cancer models. This review systematically examines the molecular crosstalk among EGFR, HER2, and VEGFR2 in breast cancer progression and resistance, and critically evaluates the mechanistic basis by which polyphenol combinations interfere with RTK-driven signaling transduction. Emphasis is placed on translational insights derived from experimental studies and the potential integration of polyphenol-based strategies into future precision oncology frameworks.
Breast cancer, receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, polyphenol combinations, therapeutic resistance, in-vitro and in-vivo studies
Medicinal Plants in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus - A Comprehensive Review
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by spersistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The global rise in diabetes prevalence has intensified the search for effective, safe, and affordable therapeutic strategies. Medicinal plants have long been used in traditional systems of medicine for the management of diabetes and its associated complications, and they continue to attract scientific interest as potential sources of novel antidiabetic agents. Numerous plant species have demonstrated antidiabetic activity through various mechanisms, including enhancement of insulin secretion, improvement of insulin sensitivity, inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, reduction of intestinal glucose absorption, and protection of pancreatic β-cells through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Bioactive phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and saponins are believed to play a crucial role in these pharmacological actions. Preclinical and clinical studies have provided evidence supporting the efficacy of several medicinal plants, such as Momordica charantia, Gymnema sylvestre, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Allium sativum, in glycemic control and metabolic regulation. This article highlights the potential of medicinal plants in the management of diabetes mellitus, emphasizing their mechanisms of action, and the need for further standardization, toxicity evaluation, and well- designed clinical trials to establish their safety and efficacy for integration into modern diabetes management.
Medicinal plants, Diabetes mellitus, Hypoglycemia, Anti- diabetic agents.
Herbal Medicines: Safety, Efficacy and Challenges – A Comprehensive Review
Herbal medicines have been an integral part of human healthcare since ancient times and continue to play a significant role in contemporary medical practices across the world. They are widely used in both developing and developed countries due to cultural acceptability, affordability, perceived safety, and accessibility. The growing global interest in herbal medicines has been driven by the limitations of conventional synthetic drugs, including adverse effects, high cost, and the emergence of drug resistance. Despite their extensive use, concerns regarding the safety, efficacy, quality, and standardization of herbal medicines remain major challenges for their wider acceptance in evidence-based medicine. Variability in plant sources, lack of standardized processing methods, contamination, adulteration, and insufficient clinical data further complicate their integration into modern healthcare systems. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of herbal medicines with a specific focus on their safety, efficacy, and the challenges associated with their development, regulation, and clinical use. The article discusses traditional and modern perspectives on herbal therapy, pharmacological efficacy, and safety concerns including toxicity and herb–drug interactions, quality control issues, regulatory frameworks, and future prospects. Emphasis is placed on the need for scientific validation, robust quality assurance, and harmonized regulatory policies to ensure the safe and effective use of herbal medicines. Strengthening research, standardization, and pharmacovigilance systems is essential for bridging the gap between traditional knowledge and modern pharmaceutical science.
Herbal medicines, Safety, Efficacy, Toxicity, Standardization, Regulatory challenges
Lipoxygenase inhibition potential of Caesalpinia crista: An in vitro study
Lipoxygenases are oxidative enzymes involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and arachidonic acid that result in the formation of lipid hydroperoxides. In uncontrolled lipoxygenase enzyme activity leads to the generation of inflammatory mediators and also oxidative stress. In humans these enzymes have a major role in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory compounds that are involved in the development of chronic inflammatory conditions and also diseases such as cardiovascular diseases such as stroke and heart attack and neurodegenerative disorders. So inhibiting lipoxygenase activity has become a key approach for managing inflammatory disorders. So based on this, an investigation was conducted to examine the in vitro inhibitory test potential of the test substance (Caesalpinia crista) using a spectrophotometric enzyme inhibition assay. And the test substance exhibited potent inhibition of the lipoxygenase enzyme when compared with the standard drug (Quercetin).
Lipoxygenases, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, lipid hydroperoxides, Caesalpinia crista, Quercetin.
Fungal Infections in Diabetic Patients and Their Management
Diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for fungal infections due to persistent hyperglycemia, immune dysfunction, and microvascular complications. Individuals with diabetes are predisposed to a wide spectrum of fungal infections ranging from superficial mucocutaneous candidiasis and dermatophytosis to severe, invasive infections such as aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Impaired neutrophil function, reduced cellular immunity, and an acidic, glucose-rich environment contribute to increased susceptibility, severity, and recurrence of these infections. Delayed diagnosis and inadequate management may result in substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly in cases of invasive fungal disease. Accurate and timely diagnosis relies on clinical assessment supported by microbiological cultures, histopathology, serological tests, and imaging studies when required. Management strategies emphasize optimal glycemic control, early initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy based on the identified pathogen, and correction of underlying risk factors. Surgical intervention may be necessary in refractory or invasive cases. Preventive measures, including patient education, regular follow-up, and early treatment of minor fungal infections, are essential to improve outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial for the effective management of fungal infections in patients with diabetes.
Gastric cancer (GC) is a major global health problem and ranks among the most frequently diagnosed and most deadly cancers, causing over 770,000 deaths in 2025. Gastric cancer is a common and highly lethal malignancy worldwide. Its incidence is higher in many Asian and less developed regions and is associated with both modifiable and non‑modifiable risk factors, including Helicobacter pylori infection, poor diet, smoking, older age, and low socioeconomic status. Prevention strategies focus on H. pylori eradication, lifestyle modification, and appropriate use of screening programs where incidence is high. Several classification systems, such as those from the World Health Organization and Lauren, guide GC staging and incorporate anatomical, histological, and increasingly molecular characteristics. This review provides an overview of Gastric Cancer including its Introduction, Epidemiology, Risk factors, Prevention, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment. Symptoms are often nonspecific such as weight loss, anemia, abdominal pain, dysphagia, and gastrointestinal bleeding so diagnosis typically relies on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy, supported by imaging techniques like computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasound. Surgery with adequate lymph node dissection remains the cornerstone of curative treatment, while chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and targeted or immunotherapies are used in a multimodal approach to improve survival in appropriate patients.
Gastric Cancer, Risk Factors, Prevention, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment.
Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Varicose Veins: A Comprehensive Review of Venous Structure, Reflux Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Varicose veins are dilated and tortuous superficial veins most commonly affecting the lower limbs. They arise due to venous valve failure, venous wall weakness, and abnormal blood flow leading to venous hypertension. Although often considered cosmetic, varicose veins can progress to serious complications such as edema, skin changes, thrombophlebitis, and venous ulcers. The disease is influenced by genetic, hormonal, occupational, and lifestyle factors. Advances in diagnostic imaging have improved understanding of venous reflux patterns. Treatment has shifted from traditional surgery to minimally invasive endovenous methods. This review discusses the background, history, current status, mechanisms, principles, classification, applications, advantages, and comparison of modern therapies for varicose veins.
Varicose veins; Venous reflux; Venous hypertension; Chronic venous disease; Endovenous therapy; Hemodynamics
COMPUTER AIDED DOCKING STUDIES OF SOME NOVEL HETEROCYCLIC ANALOGUES OF NAPROXEN AS POTENT AND SAFER ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Naproxen sodium is being used for the treatment of pain and inflammation. But as all the NSAIDs are suffering from severe GI toxicities, Naproxen sodium is also not an exception to these toxicities due to its greater selectivity with COX-1 than COX-2. In the present work, the motto was to develop some novel 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole analogues of Naproxen, which have very good potency and greater selectivity with the COX-2 enzyme than the COX-1 enzyme with the help of fast flexible molecular docking studies in order to decrease the GI toxicity. For this purpose, we have designed ten new ligands. All the ligands showed greater COX-2 selectivity and very good potency than the standard Naproxen.
Naproxen, Molecular docking, COX-2, GI toxicities
Extraction Strategies and Chromatographic Approaches for Phytochemical Evaluation and Standardization of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa: A Review
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa, commonly known as Bael, is an important medicinal plant extensively used in traditional systems of medicine. The therapeutic efficacy of Aegle marmelos is attributed to the presence of diverse phytoconstituents such as coumarins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. Scientific validation and standardization of herbal drugs derived from Aegle. marmelos require optimized extraction techniques and reliable analytical methods. This review article summarizes the extraction procedures and chromatographic techniques, with special emphasis on thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), employed for phytochemical evaluation of Aegle. marmelos. Comparative aspects of conventional and advanced extraction methods are discussed along with their influence on phytochemical yield and analytical performance. The role of chromatographic fingerprinting and marker-based quantification in quality control and standardization of Aegle marmelos based herbal formulations is highlighted.
Aegle marmelos, extraction methods, HPTLC, HPLC, phytochemical analysis, standardization
Formulation and Evaluation of Ethosomal Gel from Syzygium Cumini for Anti-Acne Activity
The present work was undertaken to formulate and analyze an ethosomal gel using Syzygium cumini seed extract for its potential anti-acne efficacy. Syzygium cumini (Jamun) is a well-known medicinal plant rich in bioactive elements such as anthocyanin’s, phytosterols, flavonoids, and polyphenols, containing antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Jamun seeds were gathered, dried, ground into a powder, and then Soxhlet extracted using ethanol. The resulting extract was integrated into ethosomes, which are soft lipid vesicles made of phospholipids, ethanol, and water, known for improving skin penetration. The ethosomal suspension was prepared by the hot method and subsequently incorporated into a Carbopol gel base to obtain a smooth topical formulation. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of key active constituents. The pH, viscosity, spread ability, homogeneity, and drug content of the prepared ethosomal gel were assessed. The formulation's anti-acne potential was evaluated using an in vitro protein denaturation assay. The findings showed that the ethosomal gel had high consistency and stability, as well as acceptable physicochemical characteristics appropriate for topical administration. Finally, this study demonstrates that Syzygium cumini seed extract can be successfully formulated into an ethosomal gel, offering a promising herbal alternative for acne management with improved dermal delivery.
Syzygium cumini, Ethosomal gel, Jamun seed extract, Anti-acne activity, Herbal formulation, Soxhlet extraction, Phytochemical screening, Ethosomal gel.