International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
Welcome to IJRPP, International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics (IJRPP) is a peer-reviewed, Quarterly official international journal allowing access to abstracts and full-text. The journal is devoted to the promotion of pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines (Pharmacology, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry & Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical & Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics & Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics including biotechnology, cell & molecular biology, Pharmaceutical biotechnology/microbiology, medical and other life sciences). ISSN - International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics Online : 2278-2656 Print : 2278-2648 International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics seeks to foster multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, pharmaceutical industries and healthcare sector as well as provide an international forum for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and opinions in pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines. Although primarily devoted to original research papers, the journal particularly welcomes reviews on current topics of special interest and relevance. All manuscripts will be subjected to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not already under consideration for publication) will be published. EDITOR.
Futuristic Publications, 408, Sai Satya Nilayam, Road No.1, Shankar Nagar, Peerzadiguda, Hyderabad-500039, Telangana.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING PROTOCOL FOR CHAMPAKA (MICHELIA CHAMPACA LINN) LEAVES
Michelia champaca Linn commonly known as Champaka, is a highly valued medicinal plant in Ayurveda and traditional medicine systems due to its diverse therapeutic properties, including anti inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities. The leaves of Champaka are known to harbor bioactive secondary metabolites that contribute to these pharmacological effects. In the present study, a preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out to evaluate the chemical profile of Champaka leaves using both aqueous and organic solvent extracts. The solvents selected ethanol; methanol, hexane, and chloroform represent a gradient of polarity to ensure a comprehensive extraction of polar, semi polar, and non polar phytoconstituents. Standard qualitative tests were employed to detect the presence of major classes of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, and carbohydrates. The results indicated a distinct distribution of phytochemicals depending on the solvent used. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts showed a rich presence of polar compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides, highlighting their potential contribution to antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. In contrast, hexane and chloroform extracts predominantly contained non-polar constituents like terpenoids and steroids, which are often associated with anti inflammatory and cytoprotective properties.
Michelia champaca, phytochemical screening, Soxhlet extraction, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, carbohydrates.
DNA AMPLIFICATION AND REPLICATION BY PCR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Technology of PCR A vital molecular system for DNA modification, the Polymerase Chain response (PCR) has transitioned from exploration to general operation in clinical microbiology. To make effective remedy judgments, clinicians must be apprehensive of its advantages and disadvantages. The introductory procedure takes place in a thermocycler and is cyclical The DNA beaches are separated by denaturation. reciprocal manuals can attach to the single beaches by annealing. Taq polymerase adds nucleotides (dNTPs) during extension to produce new double beaches. Millions of clones of the target DNA are produced by exponentially repeating this cycle 30 – 35 times. Important Variants and operations RT- PCR (for RNA templates using rear transcriptase), qPCR or Real- time PCR (for DNA quantification using luminescence), and Multiplex PCR (for detecting several targets at formerly) are some variations. The main uses of PCR are contagious conditions Monitoring viral loads (similar as HIV and Hepatitis C) and snappily relating delicate- to- culture infections (similar as Chlamydia trachomatis and M. tuberculosis). Chancing resistance genes (genotype) more snappily than conventional culture is known as antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Genotyping natural substantiation from crime scenes is known as forensics. pivotal Restrictions PCR has limits despite its great perceptivity and particularity, similar as the possibility of false-positive (impurity) and false-negative(impediments) results. It's also expensive and technically delicate. It's not always possible to separate between idle and active infections with positive results.
Polymerase chain response (PCR), Pestilent complaint, Anti-Microbial Resistance, Reverse Transcriptase PCR, Allelic Specific PCR.
Depression with Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
A case of 38-year-old woman who had a history of hypothyroidism and was receiving regular treatment reported feeling depressed and persistent sadness from three months. She was presented with associated symptoms of fatigue, lack of interest in everyday activities, insomnia, concentration problems, palpitations, and restlessness. Depression was confirmed by laboratory tests and clinical evaluation, and it later developed into generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). To find and treat possible causes of her anxiety symptoms, supportive care and management techniques were started. This case highlights the connection between hypothyroidism and mood disorders, showing how endocrine comorbidities can make people more vulnerable to anxiety and depression. Improving patient outcomes in these situations requires early detection and integrated management.
Depression, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Hypothyroidism, Comorbidity, Fatigue, Mood Disorder, and Supportive Care.
NEW IMMUNOMODULATORY APPROACHES TO ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION: BIOLOGICS, SMALL MOLECULES, AND INNOVATIVE VACCINES
A true public health emergency has resulted from the exponential increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases since the middle of the 20th century, which has also greatly advanced research into the underlying mechanisms and possible cures. The biological revolution has improved the treatment of allergic diseases by providing a variety of new immunomodulatory therapeutic and research tools that target the factors that contribute to allergic inflammation at separate pathophysiological processes. Notable examples include small-molecule modifiers of signal transduction, which are primarily mediated by Janus kinases and Bruton's tyrosine kinases, as well as therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against cytokines, alarmins, and their receptors. Nevertheless, the primary treatment options have not yet transitioned from symptomatic to disease-modifying measures.In light of our current knowledge of allergy pathophysiology, we provide an overview of the medications currently on the market, suggest possible therapeutic targets, and wrap up by listing a few candidate immunopharmacological molecules that are being researched for possible future application in allergic diseases.
Allergy, biologics, eosinophils, immunopharmacology, mast cells, small-molecule drugs.
Hepatoprotective Potential of Caryota urens: A Comprehensive Literature Review
The context investigates the therapeutic potential of Caryota urens, a species rich in diverse phytochemical constituents, for the management of liver diseases. Liver diseases (LD) constitute a significant global health burden, accounting for nearly 2 million deaths annually worldwide. Major etiological factors include chronic viral infections such as hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV), alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as well as autoimmune and genetic disorders. This study highlights the bioactive profile of Caryota urens, encompassing polyphenols, flavonoids, amino acids, and other metabolites, which possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties capable of modulating key mechanisms involved in liver disease pathophysiology. The document further provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and progressive clinical stages of liver disease. Current therapeutic approaches primarily emphasize symptomatic relief rather than targeting the underlying disease mechanisms. In this context, Caryota urens emerges as a promising natural candidate for the development of novel hepatoprotective therapies. The findings emphasize the necessity for further in-depth investigations to validate the efficacy and safety of its bioactive compounds in liver disease management.
Caryota urens, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH)
An Integrated Review: Symptomology, Diagnostic Frameworks, Neurobiological Pathways and Therapeutic Approaches
Schizophrenia, a severe and long-lasting neuropsychiatric illness. It causes severe social and professional dysfunction and is typified by symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech, and cognitive impairment [1][2]. Schizophrenia is still caused by a variety of factors, including environmental factors, neurobiological abnormalities, and genetic predisposition [2][3][4]. Prognosis and quality of life can be improved with early detection and ongoing treatment. The goal of ongoing research is to better manage schizophrenia by comprehending neurochemical mechanisms and creating innovative therapeutic approaches [5][6][7].Its pathophysiology heavily relies on glutamatergic and dopaminergic dysfunctions [8].Antipsychotic drugs and psychosocial therapies are used in treatment, with the diagnosis being mainly clinical and based on DSM-5 or ICD-10 criteria [9][10][11][12].
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in D1 Medium Spiny Neurons Mediated Cocaine-Induced Behavioral Plasticity Via The Activating Transcription Factor 4 - Serine Palmitoyl Transferase Long Chain 1 Axis
Background: Although endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress caused by cocaine is becoming more widely acknowledged, its neuronal specificity and functional importance are yet unknown. Cocaine-induced ER stress may affect metabolic pathways connected to cellular stress signaling since the ER is a key location for lipid and sphingolipid production. Here, we aimed to characterize the downstream effects and cell-type specificity of cocaine- induced ER stress in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Methods: We administered cocaine together with assays of sphingolipid production in the NAc, immune histochemical and molecular profiling of ER stress pathways, and ultrastructural investigation of ER morphology. Additionally, we performed D1-MSN-specific knockdown of Atf4 and Sptlc1 to examine their contributions to cocaine-induced behavioral and neuroplastic changes, as well as the impacts of pharmacological suppression of ER stress and sphingolipid production. Results: In medium spiny neurons (MSNs) that express dopamine receptor 1 (D1), cocaine specifically triggered ER stress, which was indicated by the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Additionally, cocaine increased the expression of serine palmitoyl transferase long-chain base subunit 1 (SPTLC1), and promoter analysis with functional validation revealed that ATF4 directly targets Sptlc1. Thus, sphingolipid metabolism remodeling was associated with ATF4 activation. Cocaine-induced behavioral and neuroplastic change was significantly lessened by blocking ER stress or sphingolipid production, as well as D1-MSN-specific reduction of Atf4 or Sptlc1. Discussion: These results point to a possible treatment target for cocaine addiction by identifying a D1-MSN ER stress response that facilitates cocaine-induced neuro adaptations via the ATF4–SPTLC1 signaling axis.
The Multi-Attribute Method (MAM): A Paradigm Shift in the Characterization and Quality Control of Biopharmaceutical Drugs
Biopharmaceuticals have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases especially monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Nevertheless, their very structural complexity poses great problems of analytical characterization and quality control (QC). The old fashion method, based on a big panel of single attribute measurements, is frequently both labour-intensive, time consuming and offers an oblique perspective of a product quality. Multi-Attribute Method (MAM) has become an innovative mass spectrometry (MS)-based platform, which can determine and measure dozens of care-giving quality attributes (CQAs) in an individual, centralized test. In this review I have described the fundamentals of MAM, preparation of the samples, analysis using LC-MS and data processing. We discuss the whole spectrum of CQAs that can be further thorough and comprehensively, such as product identity, post-translational changes (PTMs) such as deamidation, oxidation, and glycosylation and process related impurities. Moreover, we talk about the feasible aspects of the application and experimental validation of the MAM in a regulated cGMP facility and clarify its benefits in comparison to the traditional ones and the present-day view held by regulatory bodies. Lastly, we discuss potential opportunities and challenges that stand out and wait in the future, where automation, machine learning, and expansion into new modalities will reinforce MAM even more as a staple of current biopharmaceutical development and QC.
CASE REPORT: GENERALISED TONIC-CLONIC SEIZURE 20 SEVERE HYPONATREMIA
A 26-year-old man was admitted complaining of two days of abrupt, jerky limb movements, a three-to-four-minute period of unconsciousness, tongue biting, and mouth foam. Despite not receiving regular antiepileptic medication, the patient had experienced a seizure episode a year prior. Upon inspection, the patient had minor cyanosis during convulsions and was sleepy but arousable. Hyponatremia (Na⁺ 118 mmol/L) and mild metabolic acidosis on ABG tests were found in laboratory examinations, indicating electrolyte imbalance-induced seizures. The generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy caused by severe hyponatremia was confirmed by the generalized spike and wave pattern on the EEG.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a condition characterized by clot formation within the deep veins, commonly affecting the lower limbs and posing a risk of pulmonary embolism. A 55-year-old male presented with unilateral leg swelling, pain, and warmth following prolonged immobility. Doppler ultrasound confirmed an occlusive thrombus in the left popliteal vein. The patient was managed with low molecular weight heparin, oral anticoagulants, limb elevation, and compression therapy. Improvement was observed within one week of treatment. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis, anticoagulation, and lifestyle modification to prevent recurrence and serious complications.
Unveiling the Medicinal Potential of Artemisia pallens: A Review of its Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Properties
Davana, also known as Artemisia pallens Walls, ex DC, is a fragrant herb that grows widely 0ver India’s plains in humid environment. Tribal people have utilized Artemisia pallens, which grows in the Nilgiris hills, to treat a variety of illness. India traditional medicine has made extensive use of it treat diabetes mellitus. This plant is regarded as a good feed and has anthelmintic, antipyretic, tonic qualities. The oil has antibacterial and antifungal, antispasmodic and stimulating qualities. The plant’s antibacterial, antidiabetic antinociceptive and wound-healing properties have all been examined. The phytochemistry and pharmacology of Artemisia pallens are the subjects of the current investigations. In order to help researchers, reach their future objectives of approaching its industrial or commercial viability as a natural product ingredient, the review focus on the full range of ethnomedical uses, phytochemical properties namely its volatile and non-volatile constituents, and pharmacological properties.
Evaluation of Nephroprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract (Leaves) of Neolamarckia cadamba Against Folic Acid-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Rats
Nephrotoxicity, a key trigger of kidney failure (AKI), often arises from therapeutic agents, metabolic disturbances, or toxic metabolites, leading to tubular necrosis, oxidative stress, and impaired renal function. Folic acid–induced nephrotoxicity is a firm experimental typical for studying renal damage. Neolamarckia cadamba (Rubiaceae), commonly known as Kadamba, has long been utilized in Ayurvedic medicine for treating inflammation, fever, and hepatic disorders. Its leaves are rich in bioactive phytochemicals comprising bioactive constituents like alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds that possess significant antioxidant and protective effects against cellular damage.The purpose of the learning was to assess the kidney-protective potential of the ethanolic leaf extract of Neolamarckia cadamba (EENC) against folic acid–induced renal injury in Wistar rats. Five groups of 6 rats each were randomly selected from among the animals (n = 6). Group II was given folic acid (250 mg/kg), while Group I was certain saline (1 mL, p.o.) as the standard reference, Group III received folic acid along with ascorbic acid (250 mg/kg), while Folic acid and EENC were administered to Groups IV and V at doses of 200 mg per kg and 400 mg per kg, respectively. All treatments were given orally for 14 consecutive days. Renal function was evaluated by determining blood urea nitrogen (BUN) & serum creatinine levels to evaluate the protective effect of the extract, urine volume, and creatinine clearance. Antioxidant markers, including glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were evaluated, and histopathological examinations were conducted to assess renal tissue integrity.Folic acid administration resulted in significant nephrotoxicity, evidenced by increased creatinine and BUN with reduced clearance. Oral administration of EENC at both 200 and 400 mg/kg markedly restored renal biochemical parameters, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, and preserved renal histoarchitecture in a dose-related way. The results designate that the ethanolic leaf extract of Neolamarckia cadamba exhibits strong kidney-protective effects, likely due to its antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing potential. These results provide scientific validation for the customary application of N. cadamba as a natural remedy for renal protection.
Enlistment of Few Herbs in Traditional Writings
The use of herbs in traditional writing systems represents a vital intersection of botanical knowledge and manuscript culture. This article examines the historical and scientific relevance of plant-based materials in three core domains namely, writing surfaces and substrates, ink formulation and preservation and the enhancement of ink permanence. In many traditional societies particularly in South Asia, Middle East and Africa, herbal substances played a foundational role in manuscript production. Surfaces such as palm leaves, tree bark, and paper like material were treated with herbal decoctions to increase durability, insect resistance, and writing quality. Similarly, inks were prepared from plant-derived components including tannin-rich fruits (e.g., Terminalia chebula), gum resins, and natural dyes, selected not only for their coloration but also for their antimicrobial and preservative properties. To ensure ink permanence, resistance to fading, smudging, and biological degradation specific herbs were incorporated to chemically bind pigments and protect inscriptions over long periods. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how indigenous knowledge systems supported the long-term preservation and transmission of written knowledge through sustainable plant-based technologies.
Antibody-Drug Conjugate in Cancer Therapy: Mechanism, Resistance, and Emerging Advances
Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly evolving type of targeted cancer treatment that is intended to reduce systemic toxicity and improve therapeutic efficacy by delivering cytotoxic chemicals only to cancer cells. Through stable chemical linkers, ADCs combine the efficacy of cytotoxic medicines with the specificity of monoclonal antibodies. The article provides a thorough analysis of the structural and functional importance of the antibodies, linkers, and payloads that make up ADCs. Key mechanisms are covered in detail, such as internalization, trafficking, antigen recognition, and bystander effects. Along with new approaches to combat them, resistance mechanisms such as drug efflux, altered trafficking, and antigen heterogeneity are critically assessed. ADCs that are already FDA-approved are also discussed, along with their clinical implications, limitations, and advancements in next-generation ADC designs. Notwithstanding obstacles, continuous advancements in ADC engineering and therapeutic approaches highlight their bright future in oncology.
Formulation and Evaluation of Face Serum Using Guava Leaf Extract
The present study was conducted to formulate and evaluate a herbal face serum containing Psidium guajava (guava) leaf extract, a natural source of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Guava leaves contain potent bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds that contribute to skin rejuvenation and protection. Ethanolic extract of guava leaves was prepared using the Soxhlet extraction method and incorporated into a biphasic oil-in-water serum. The serum was formulated using flaxseed gel, glycerine, grape seed oil, sandalwood oil, Tween 80, triethanolamine, sodium benzoate and rose water. Three formulations (F1–F3) were evaluated for their physical appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, microbial contamination, and stability. The optimized formulation (F2) showed a pH of 5.69, viscosity of 8.402 Pa·s, smooth texture, homogeneity and excellent spreadability. Stability studies confirmed no significant physical or chemical changes. The formulated serum exhibited good cosmetic acceptability and non-irritant properties, indicating its potential as a safe, effective, and natural skincare product. .
THE ROLE OF GLP-1RECEPTOR AGONIST IN MODULATING ALCOHOL INTAKE: INSIDES FROM SEMAGLTIDE THERAPY
Recently, there has been evidence that semaglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) approved for type 2 diabetes and obesity, may help lower alcohol intake and cravings. Modification of several neurobiological systems that control reward, motivation, and stress reactions is the pharmacological basis for this effect. By inhibiting mesolimbic dopamine signalling, central GLP-1 receptor activation, specifically in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus, reduces the reinforcing effects of alcohol. Additionally, semaglutide increases satiety and decreases the motivational salience of alcohol cues by activating the gut–brain axis through vagal afferents. GLP-1R stimulation may also lessen neuroinflammatory processes linked to long-term alcohol exposure and restore normaly to the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Semaglutide and related GLP-1R agonists may be promising pharmacotherapeutic candidates for alcohol use disorder (AUD) because these mechanisms work together to suppress alcohol reward, craving, and stress-induced relapse.
Metformin: A revolutionary drug that halts the aging process, keeping you youthful indefinitely
The most often given oral hypoglycaemic drug for type 2 diabetes globally is metformin, a biguanide anti-diabetic drug that has been around for more than 30 years. Its mode of action wasn't understood till a few years ago. However, it was recently found that through an increased tissue glucose uptake by a transporter-linked system, is now connected to better peripheral sensitivity to insulin. Although it is clear that not all possible effects of metformin use have been identified yet, it is feasible that metformin will become a cornerstone treatment for illnesses associated with ageing and other related conditions such as cancer and neurological diseases in humans. Despite the fact that not everyone using metformin experiences the same advantages, some people do have negative effects. Therefore, it is essential to fully comprehend the mechanism and all potential side effects of this medication. Therefore, this study offers a summary of current advances in metformin's impact on ageing and illnesses linked to it.
Notch Signalling in Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell–cell communication pathway that exerts broad regulatory functions across numerous developmental and pathophysiological contexts. In the liver, Notch signaling intricately controls hepatobiliary differentiation, biliary homeostasis, and regenerative processes. Dysregulated Notch activity underlies the pathogenesis of diverse liver diseases, including cholangiopathies, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of Notch biology in the liver, highlighting molecular mechanisms of pathway activation, cross-talk with other signaling cascades, and the resultant outcomes in both normal physiology and disease states. Emphasis is placed on recent advances that delineate how aberrant Notch signaling contributes to cholangiocyte proliferation, fibrogenesis, hepatic steatosis, and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, current therapeutic strategies targeting Notch—ranging from γ-secretase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies to ligand-specific traps and novel gene-based approaches—are discussed in light of their potential benefits and limitations. Emerging evidence suggests that targeted modulation of Notch may offer new possibilities for disease management, either alone or in combination with other targeted therapies. Nonetheless, toxicity and off-target effects pose ongoing challenges, underscoring the need for refined, context-specific interventions. By examining the molecular underpinnings and clinical implications of Notch signaling in liver diseases, this review aims to inform future research directions and therapeutic developments. The ultimate objective is to propel the field toward precision medicine strategies that more effectively leverage Notch pathway modulation for improved patient outcomes in diverse hepatic disorders.
Evaluation Of Medication Adherence In Patients With Hypertension
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines medication adherence as the degree to which an individual's behaviour in taking medication aligns with the agreed recommendations of a healthcare provider. In this study, medication adherence refers to the extent to which elderly hypertension patients comply with prescribed drug regimens. In this study, hypertensive refer to elderly patients diagnosed with hypertension and on antihypertensive treatment for at least one month at the study hospital. The study identifies five key factors influencing antihypertensive adherence among the elderly: beliefs and attitudes, therapy, socio-economic status, patient characteristics, and physician-related factor. Methods: Prospective study was conducted in patients with hypertension disease in Narasaraopet. They were randomly approached by sending them the MMAS-8 scale questionary form to Area hospital in Narasaraopet, palnadu. Results: The study included 205 patients, with the majority 88 aged over 60 years. The study demographics revealed 141 female and 64 male patients. Of these, 162 were married, and 43 were unmarried. Regarding education, 88 patients had completed primary school. Additionally, 76 patients had experienced hypertension for 2–6 years. Conclusion: Adherence to antihypertensive medication is essential for effective blood pressure management in the elderly, ensuring therapeutic benefits and maintaining quality health.
In-Vitro Evaluation Of Anti-Oxidant Activity Of Coccinia Indica Leaves
Antioxidants are compounds that can inhibit or prevent the oxidation of the easily oxidized substrate. One of the plants as a potential source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (Coccinia indica). This plant was commonly found in the India has been used by the society. This study aimed to determine the proximate compositions, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity from large-leafed mangrove fruit which extracted by methanol. The phytochemical screening was carried on the both extracts of leaves of Coccinia indica, revealed the presence of some active ingredients such as Alkaloid, Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins, Phenols. The aqueous and alcoholic leaves extract were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity using FRAP assay, Metal chelating assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, superoxide-radical scavenging assay and Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. The result of the present study showed that the ethanolic leaves extract of Coccinia indica has shown the greatest anti-oxidant activity than aqueous extracts. The high scavenging property of may be due to hydroxyl groups existing in the phenolic compounds. Further work is needful to isolate the exact compound which is responsible for antioxidant activity and biophysical characterization can be done in the future.
Coccinia indica and Antioxidant activity
Evaluation Of Anti-Psychotic Effect Of Mentha Arvensis L Leaves In Apomorphine Induced Psychosis In Rats
Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia, significantly impact individuals' mental health, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. This study evaluates the antipsychotic potential of ethanolic extracts of Mentha arvensis L. leaves through apomorphine-induced psychosis in rats. The extract's phytochemical profile revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols, among others, indicating its bioactive potential. In vitro antioxidant assays demonstrated notable nitric oxide and superoxide anion scavenging activities, suggesting its neuroprotective properties. Behavioral studies, including the pole climbing and catatonic tests, highlighted significant improvements in motor coordination and reduced catatonic symptoms with the extract, especially at 200 mg/kg. Biochemical analyses indicated a restorative effect on dopamine levels and modulation of monoamine oxidase (MAO-A and MAO-B) activities, reflecting its potential mechanisms of antipsychotic action. These findings align with traditional medicinal uses of Mentha arvensis for mental health. The results underscore the therapeutic promise of Mentha arvensis in managing psychosis, with implications for its use as a natural adjunctive treatment. Further research is needed to isolate active compounds, understand molecular mechanisms, and assess safety and efficacy in clinical settings. This study highlights the integration of phytochemical and pharmacological approaches to uncover novel antipsychotic agents.
A Study On Pain Assessment And Management In Total Knee Replacement Patients
Introduction: Pain is subjective in nature. It can express different manners by the patient (or) Individuals. The role of diagnostic pain procedures is considered very important. It can be classified into acute pain (i.e ; short lived pain)and chronic pain (i.e; pain that lasts for months). It shows effect on socio economic status of the patients. Poor pain management is likely to persist until pain management practices became consistent with guidelines developed from the best available scientific evidence. Method: We conducted a single centered observational analysis of adults age 45years undergone Total knee replacement surgery during six months at Area Hospital, Palnadu road, Narasaraopet. Pain assessment was assessed by facial pain scale Results: A long proportion of 78 patients had undergone TKR. Pain assessment is done by using facial pain assessment scale. Male patients have mild pain (3 points) at the time of discharge. Female patients have moderate pain (4 points) after the surgery. Conclusion: Pain assessment plays a major role in the management of chronic and acute pain. Articular damage belongs to unsteadiness of the involved knee was a source of pain and by controlling unsteadiness subjecting the articular damage soreness were decreased greatly. So,early assessment of the pain will be more beneficial to the patient.
In Vivo Anti Diabetic Activity Of Helicteres Isora On Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic In Rats
Helicteres Isora root is a well-known antidiabetic medicinal plant used for several traditional medicine aspects in different areas of the world, including India. This study includes phytochemical analysis, antidiabetic evaluation. The root of Helicteres Isora has been used in traditional health systems to treat diabetes mellitus in India. However, the antidiabetic activity of this medicinal plant is not scientifically validated and authenticated. The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic activity of root crude extract and solvent fractions of Helicteres Isora. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic activity and mechanism of action of Ethanolic extract prepared from Helicteres Isora root. Since this claim has not been investigated scientifically, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect and phytochemical screening of Streptozotocin -induced diabetic Rats. The result demonstrated the beneficial biochemical effects of Helicteres Isora root extract by inhibiting α–amylase improving serum lipid profile levels. The root crude extract are effective in lowering blood glucose levels in diabetic and hypoglycemic rats. The claimed traditional use as antidiabetic has scientific ground.
Comprehensive Review of Diabetes Mellitus: Current Perspectives, Challenges, and Emerging Frontiers
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) remains a prominent global health concern, involving intricate disruptions in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Over the past century, evolving research and clinical insights have reshaped understanding of this disease from its historical recognition in ancient medical texts to contemporary approaches informed by genomics and precision medicine. In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), autoimmune processes target pancreatic beta cells, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, whereas Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) arises from insulin resistance and a progressive loss of beta-cell function. Advances in diagnostic methodologies, including continuous glucose monitoring, enhance the identification of glycemic variability, while comprehensive management strategies emphasize the synergy of pharmacologic agents, such as metformin and incretin-based therapies, with structured lifestyle interventions. However, persistent challenges remain: chronic hyperglycemia predisposes individuals to a host of microvascular and macrovascular complications, posing a substantial clinical and economic burden. Emerging therapeutic frontiers ranging from islet cell transplantation to CRISPR-mediated gene editing hold promise for transformative outcomes. Nonetheless, socioeconomic and cultural barriers continue to drive global disparities in access to optimal care. Future efforts must integrate innovative technologies, personalized treatment paradigms, and public health initiatives to address this pervasive metabolic disorder. By synthesizing cutting-edge scientific discoveries with patient-centered care, clinicians and researchers can work collaboratively to mitigate the escalating impact of diabetes on both individual lives and healthcare systems worldwide.
Study on Assessment of Drug Compliance in Diabetic Patients in Rural Area of Dharmapuri District Tamilnadu
Aim: The study aimed to assess drug compliance among diabetic patients residing in the rural areas of Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu, and to evaluate related factors affecting their quality of life. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2024 to January 2025, involving 100 diabetic patients diagnosed with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Participants were chosen through quota sampling from two rural areas, with data collected via a structured questionnaire focusing on drug compliance and quality of life across four domains: social health, physical health, physiological health, and environmental health. Results: Gender distribution analysis showed a slightly higher prevalence of diabetes in females (51%) compared to males (49%). Compliance issues were often linked to factors such as knowledge deficits and accessibility to healthcare facilities. Conclusion: Improving patient education and establishing more accessible healthcare services are essential to enhance drug compliance and overall quality of life for diabetic patients in rural areas. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address the unique challenges faced by this population.
The Role Of Immunostimulants In Improving The Immunity In Autoimmune Diseases
The proper functioning of human immune system is essential for organism survival against infectious, toxic and oncogenic agents. Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic materials that regulate the immune system and induce innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. These substances are classified into two types, immunostimulants and immunosuppressants. Immunostimulants can enhance body’s resistance against various infections through increasing the basal levels of immune response. These agents could increase the oxidative activity of neutrophils, augment engulfment activity of phagocytic cells and stimulate cytotoxic cells as necessary defense mechanisms. The immunostimulants are classified on the basis of origin and mode of action such as bacterial products, complex carbohydrates, vaccines, cytokines, immunoenhancing drugs, nutritional factors, animal extracts, and plant extracts. The link between immune system with diet, exercise, sleep, stress, microbial exposure, alcohol, water,hygiene are found to influence the immune response to a greater extent. Immunostimulants and some immunity enhancing nutrients improve the functioning of the immune system.
A comprehensive analysis of the risk variables linked to HIV infection
The current review on factors that makes HIV more likely. Human immunodeficiency is caused by an immunodeficiency virus that targets the host’s T cells. An advanced stage of HIV infection causes AIDS. HIV is a major public health challenge. These review discuss the risk factors for HIV infection, such as frequent sexual partners, unprotected sex, and high-risk sexual behaviours such condom-less anal intercourse. , HIV can be passed from mother to infant during pregnancy and delivery and sharing contaminated needles, syringes, and other injecting equipment, or drug solutions when injecting drugs and connected to transfusion Errors in blood bank procedures, such as contamination during blood collection, processing, or storage, can potentially result in HIV infection. Inflammation of the genital mucosa and the presence of other STIs make women more susceptible to HIV infection through heterosexual vaginal relationships. Getting another STI, such as syphilis, herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, or bacterial vaginosis. And receiving medical procedures that involve unsterile cutting or piercing; or unintentional needle stick injuries, including among healthcare professionals. Another risk factor for HIV infection is socioeconomic status of public.
Pharmacist Intervention in early detection and prevention of Mi Risk Among Adults
Background: In the modern competitive world, cardiovascular challenges are becoming common and becoming responsible for early deaths. Myocardial Infarction (MI) is a predominant cause of pre-mature deaths. Numerous Procedures have been applied to evaluate MI risk. For the evaluation of MI risk, a separately developed MIRAT is employed. Even though significant strides have been achieved to reduce mortality, coronary artery disorders (CAD) remain the leading cause of death in many nations, making it one of the major health issues facing the world. Therefore, one of the most crucial health concerns in many nations, including Iran, may be the need to investigate risk and effective factors for CAD. Objective: To evaluate the threat of Myocardial infarction among people in the middle age population using the MIRAT Method: This is a prospective interventional study carried out over a length of 24 weeks after obtaining the institutional Human Committee approval. MIRAT was used in this research which includes 16 self-reporting questions covering age, gender, diabetic history, smoking history, records of hypertension, and family records of coronary heart assault prior 55 years of age etc., This information helps to evaluate the hazard of Myocardial infraction based on danger score criteria. In case the resulting points are greater than 10, considered patients are at greater threat of getting MI. Results: Using the inclusion criteria, 100 subjects were involved in the research. 36 of them were women, while 64 of them were men. The ages 35 to 50 made up the bulk of the population, while 23% of people were from an agricultural background and 38% were from the business sector. Twenty-two (22%) of the 100 participants were found to possess a greater threat of developing MI. Conclusion: The study's findings showed that the MIRAT can be used to foretell the possibility of time ahead of Myocardial infarction.
Myocardial Infarction Risk Assessment Tool
Unlocking the potential of stem cell therapy for Autism: A new era in neurotherapeutics
Autism spectrum disorders have distinct core symptoms, including struggles with social interactions and repetitive behaviours. These disorders involve complex neurodevelopmental problems, inflammation, and immune system dysfunction. Due to the underlying neurobiological causes of autism, researchers have explored the potential of cell-based therapies, such as stem cells, to treat the condition. Stem cells exhibit unique immunological properties, making them a promising area of study for autism treatment. This review examines autism's cellular and molecular abnormalities, potential stem cell therapies, animal models, and ongoing clinical trials. Research on autism's genetics shows that no proven cure exists, but studying stem cells has led to promising results, particularly with mesenchymal stem cells and human embryonic stem cells. These cells have been used to reduce autism severity and improve quality of life. Additionally, stem cells have been used to model various autism forms, such as Rett Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome, allowing researchers to develop novel therapies. However, researchers must consider the ethical implications of their work, particularly when studying children, and prioritize their well-being and safety.
Contemporary Strategies In The Pharmacological Management Of Hypertension
Hypertension remains a prevalent and significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases globally, necessitating effective and evolving treatment strategies. Contemporary pharmacological management of hypertension has shifted toward personalized therapy, emphasizing the use of novel drug classes alongside traditional agents. Current antihypertensive strategies include the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, and diuretics, often in combination, to optimize blood pressure control. Newer agents, such as direct renin inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) with enhanced efficacy, and selective aldosterone antagonists, have expanded treatment options, especially for patients with coexisting conditions like diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Additionally, the integration of fixed-dose combination therapies has improved adherence and patient outcomes. Personalized medicine, guided by genetic and phenotypic factors, further refines treatment regimens, ensuring better tolerability and effectiveness. As research continues, novel biomarkers and non-pharmacological interventions are also being explored to complement pharmacological therapies, ultimately aiming for a more holistic and effective approach to hypertension management.