International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
Welcome to IJRPP, International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics (IJRPP) is a peer-reviewed, Quarterly official international journal allowing access to abstracts and full-text. The journal is devoted to the promotion of pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines (Pharmacology, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry & Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical & Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics & Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics including biotechnology, cell & molecular biology, Pharmaceutical biotechnology/microbiology, medical and other life sciences). ISSN - International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics Online : 2278-2656 Print : 2278-2648 International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics seeks to foster multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, pharmaceutical industries and healthcare sector as well as provide an international forum for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and opinions in pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines. Although primarily devoted to original research papers, the journal particularly welcomes reviews on current topics of special interest and relevance. All manuscripts will be subjected to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not already under consideration for publication) will be published. EDITOR.
Futuristic Publications, 408, Sai Satya Nilayam, Road No.1, Shankar Nagar, Peerzadiguda, Hyderabad-500039, Telangana.
Metformin: A revolutionary drug that halts the aging process, keeping you youthful indefinitely
The most often given oral hypoglycaemic drug for type 2 diabetes globally is metformin, a biguanide anti-diabetic drug that has been around for more than 30 years. Its mode of action wasn't understood till a few years ago. However, it was recently found that through an increased tissue glucose uptake by a transporter-linked system, is now connected to better peripheral sensitivity to insulin. Although it is clear that not all possible effects of metformin use have been identified yet, it is feasible that metformin will become a cornerstone treatment for illnesses associated with ageing and other related conditions such as cancer and neurological diseases in humans. Despite the fact that not everyone using metformin experiences the same advantages, some people do have negative effects. Therefore, it is essential to fully comprehend the mechanism and all potential side effects of this medication. Therefore, this study offers a summary of current advances in metformin's impact on ageing and illnesses linked to it.
Notch Signalling in Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell–cell communication pathway that exerts broad regulatory functions across numerous developmental and pathophysiological contexts. In the liver, Notch signaling intricately controls hepatobiliary differentiation, biliary homeostasis, and regenerative processes. Dysregulated Notch activity underlies the pathogenesis of diverse liver diseases, including cholangiopathies, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of Notch biology in the liver, highlighting molecular mechanisms of pathway activation, cross-talk with other signaling cascades, and the resultant outcomes in both normal physiology and disease states. Emphasis is placed on recent advances that delineate how aberrant Notch signaling contributes to cholangiocyte proliferation, fibrogenesis, hepatic steatosis, and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, current therapeutic strategies targeting Notch—ranging from γ-secretase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies to ligand-specific traps and novel gene-based approaches—are discussed in light of their potential benefits and limitations. Emerging evidence suggests that targeted modulation of Notch may offer new possibilities for disease management, either alone or in combination with other targeted therapies. Nonetheless, toxicity and off-target effects pose ongoing challenges, underscoring the need for refined, context-specific interventions. By examining the molecular underpinnings and clinical implications of Notch signaling in liver diseases, this review aims to inform future research directions and therapeutic developments. The ultimate objective is to propel the field toward precision medicine strategies that more effectively leverage Notch pathway modulation for improved patient outcomes in diverse hepatic disorders.
Evaluation Of Medication Adherence In Patients With Hypertension
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines medication adherence as the degree to which an individual's behaviour in taking medication aligns with the agreed recommendations of a healthcare provider. In this study, medication adherence refers to the extent to which elderly hypertension patients comply with prescribed drug regimens. In this study, hypertensive refer to elderly patients diagnosed with hypertension and on antihypertensive treatment for at least one month at the study hospital. The study identifies five key factors influencing antihypertensive adherence among the elderly: beliefs and attitudes, therapy, socio-economic status, patient characteristics, and physician-related factor. Methods: Prospective study was conducted in patients with hypertension disease in Narasaraopet. They were randomly approached by sending them the MMAS-8 scale questionary form to Area hospital in Narasaraopet, palnadu. Results: The study included 205 patients, with the majority 88 aged over 60 years. The study demographics revealed 141 female and 64 male patients. Of these, 162 were married, and 43 were unmarried. Regarding education, 88 patients had completed primary school. Additionally, 76 patients had experienced hypertension for 2–6 years. Conclusion: Adherence to antihypertensive medication is essential for effective blood pressure management in the elderly, ensuring therapeutic benefits and maintaining quality health.
In-Vitro Evaluation Of Anti-Oxidant Activity Of Coccinia Indica Leaves
Antioxidants are compounds that can inhibit or prevent the oxidation of the easily oxidized substrate. One of the plants as a potential source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (Coccinia indica). This plant was commonly found in the India has been used by the society. This study aimed to determine the proximate compositions, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity from large-leafed mangrove fruit which extracted by methanol. The phytochemical screening was carried on the both extracts of leaves of Coccinia indica, revealed the presence of some active ingredients such as Alkaloid, Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins, Phenols. The aqueous and alcoholic leaves extract were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity using FRAP assay, Metal chelating assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, superoxide-radical scavenging assay and Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. The result of the present study showed that the ethanolic leaves extract of Coccinia indica has shown the greatest anti-oxidant activity than aqueous extracts. The high scavenging property of may be due to hydroxyl groups existing in the phenolic compounds. Further work is needful to isolate the exact compound which is responsible for antioxidant activity and biophysical characterization can be done in the future.
Coccinia indica and Antioxidant activity
Evaluation Of Anti-Psychotic Effect Of Mentha Arvensis L Leaves In Apomorphine Induced Psychosis In Rats
Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia, significantly impact individuals' mental health, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. This study evaluates the antipsychotic potential of ethanolic extracts of Mentha arvensis L. leaves through apomorphine-induced psychosis in rats. The extract's phytochemical profile revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols, among others, indicating its bioactive potential. In vitro antioxidant assays demonstrated notable nitric oxide and superoxide anion scavenging activities, suggesting its neuroprotective properties. Behavioral studies, including the pole climbing and catatonic tests, highlighted significant improvements in motor coordination and reduced catatonic symptoms with the extract, especially at 200 mg/kg. Biochemical analyses indicated a restorative effect on dopamine levels and modulation of monoamine oxidase (MAO-A and MAO-B) activities, reflecting its potential mechanisms of antipsychotic action. These findings align with traditional medicinal uses of Mentha arvensis for mental health. The results underscore the therapeutic promise of Mentha arvensis in managing psychosis, with implications for its use as a natural adjunctive treatment. Further research is needed to isolate active compounds, understand molecular mechanisms, and assess safety and efficacy in clinical settings. This study highlights the integration of phytochemical and pharmacological approaches to uncover novel antipsychotic agents.
A Study On Pain Assessment And Management In Total Knee Replacement Patients
Introduction: Pain is subjective in nature. It can express different manners by the patient (or) Individuals. The role of diagnostic pain procedures is considered very important. It can be classified into acute pain (i.e ; short lived pain)and chronic pain (i.e; pain that lasts for months). It shows effect on socio economic status of the patients. Poor pain management is likely to persist until pain management practices became consistent with guidelines developed from the best available scientific evidence. Method: We conducted a single centered observational analysis of adults age 45years undergone Total knee replacement surgery during six months at Area Hospital, Palnadu road, Narasaraopet. Pain assessment was assessed by facial pain scale Results: A long proportion of 78 patients had undergone TKR. Pain assessment is done by using facial pain assessment scale. Male patients have mild pain (3 points) at the time of discharge. Female patients have moderate pain (4 points) after the surgery. Conclusion: Pain assessment plays a major role in the management of chronic and acute pain. Articular damage belongs to unsteadiness of the involved knee was a source of pain and by controlling unsteadiness subjecting the articular damage soreness were decreased greatly. So,early assessment of the pain will be more beneficial to the patient.
In Vivo Anti Diabetic Activity Of Helicteres Isora On Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic In Rats
Helicteres Isora root is a well-known antidiabetic medicinal plant used for several traditional medicine aspects in different areas of the world, including India. This study includes phytochemical analysis, antidiabetic evaluation. The root of Helicteres Isora has been used in traditional health systems to treat diabetes mellitus in India. However, the antidiabetic activity of this medicinal plant is not scientifically validated and authenticated. The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic activity of root crude extract and solvent fractions of Helicteres Isora. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic activity and mechanism of action of Ethanolic extract prepared from Helicteres Isora root. Since this claim has not been investigated scientifically, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect and phytochemical screening of Streptozotocin -induced diabetic Rats. The result demonstrated the beneficial biochemical effects of Helicteres Isora root extract by inhibiting α–amylase improving serum lipid profile levels. The root crude extract are effective in lowering blood glucose levels in diabetic and hypoglycemic rats. The claimed traditional use as antidiabetic has scientific ground.
Comprehensive Review of Diabetes Mellitus: Current Perspectives, Challenges, and Emerging Frontiers
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) remains a prominent global health concern, involving intricate disruptions in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Over the past century, evolving research and clinical insights have reshaped understanding of this disease from its historical recognition in ancient medical texts to contemporary approaches informed by genomics and precision medicine. In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), autoimmune processes target pancreatic beta cells, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, whereas Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) arises from insulin resistance and a progressive loss of beta-cell function. Advances in diagnostic methodologies, including continuous glucose monitoring, enhance the identification of glycemic variability, while comprehensive management strategies emphasize the synergy of pharmacologic agents, such as metformin and incretin-based therapies, with structured lifestyle interventions. However, persistent challenges remain: chronic hyperglycemia predisposes individuals to a host of microvascular and macrovascular complications, posing a substantial clinical and economic burden. Emerging therapeutic frontiers ranging from islet cell transplantation to CRISPR-mediated gene editing hold promise for transformative outcomes. Nonetheless, socioeconomic and cultural barriers continue to drive global disparities in access to optimal care. Future efforts must integrate innovative technologies, personalized treatment paradigms, and public health initiatives to address this pervasive metabolic disorder. By synthesizing cutting-edge scientific discoveries with patient-centered care, clinicians and researchers can work collaboratively to mitigate the escalating impact of diabetes on both individual lives and healthcare systems worldwide.
Study on Assessment of Drug Compliance in Diabetic Patients in Rural Area of Dharmapuri District Tamilnadu
Aim: The study aimed to assess drug compliance among diabetic patients residing in the rural areas of Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu, and to evaluate related factors affecting their quality of life. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2024 to January 2025, involving 100 diabetic patients diagnosed with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Participants were chosen through quota sampling from two rural areas, with data collected via a structured questionnaire focusing on drug compliance and quality of life across four domains: social health, physical health, physiological health, and environmental health. Results: Gender distribution analysis showed a slightly higher prevalence of diabetes in females (51%) compared to males (49%). Compliance issues were often linked to factors such as knowledge deficits and accessibility to healthcare facilities. Conclusion: Improving patient education and establishing more accessible healthcare services are essential to enhance drug compliance and overall quality of life for diabetic patients in rural areas. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address the unique challenges faced by this population.
The Role Of Immunostimulants In Improving The Immunity In Autoimmune Diseases
The proper functioning of human immune system is essential for organism survival against infectious, toxic and oncogenic agents. Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic materials that regulate the immune system and induce innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. These substances are classified into two types, immunostimulants and immunosuppressants. Immunostimulants can enhance body’s resistance against various infections through increasing the basal levels of immune response. These agents could increase the oxidative activity of neutrophils, augment engulfment activity of phagocytic cells and stimulate cytotoxic cells as necessary defense mechanisms. The immunostimulants are classified on the basis of origin and mode of action such as bacterial products, complex carbohydrates, vaccines, cytokines, immunoenhancing drugs, nutritional factors, animal extracts, and plant extracts. The link between immune system with diet, exercise, sleep, stress, microbial exposure, alcohol, water,hygiene are found to influence the immune response to a greater extent. Immunostimulants and some immunity enhancing nutrients improve the functioning of the immune system.
A comprehensive analysis of the risk variables linked to HIV infection
The current review on factors that makes HIV more likely. Human immunodeficiency is caused by an immunodeficiency virus that targets the host’s T cells. An advanced stage of HIV infection causes AIDS. HIV is a major public health challenge. These review discuss the risk factors for HIV infection, such as frequent sexual partners, unprotected sex, and high-risk sexual behaviours such condom-less anal intercourse. , HIV can be passed from mother to infant during pregnancy and delivery and sharing contaminated needles, syringes, and other injecting equipment, or drug solutions when injecting drugs and connected to transfusion Errors in blood bank procedures, such as contamination during blood collection, processing, or storage, can potentially result in HIV infection. Inflammation of the genital mucosa and the presence of other STIs make women more susceptible to HIV infection through heterosexual vaginal relationships. Getting another STI, such as syphilis, herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, or bacterial vaginosis. And receiving medical procedures that involve unsterile cutting or piercing; or unintentional needle stick injuries, including among healthcare professionals. Another risk factor for HIV infection is socioeconomic status of public.
Pharmacist Intervention in early detection and prevention of Mi Risk Among Adults
Background: In the modern competitive world, cardiovascular challenges are becoming common and becoming responsible for early deaths. Myocardial Infarction (MI) is a predominant cause of pre-mature deaths. Numerous Procedures have been applied to evaluate MI risk. For the evaluation of MI risk, a separately developed MIRAT is employed. Even though significant strides have been achieved to reduce mortality, coronary artery disorders (CAD) remain the leading cause of death in many nations, making it one of the major health issues facing the world. Therefore, one of the most crucial health concerns in many nations, including Iran, may be the need to investigate risk and effective factors for CAD. Objective: To evaluate the threat of Myocardial infarction among people in the middle age population using the MIRAT Method: This is a prospective interventional study carried out over a length of 24 weeks after obtaining the institutional Human Committee approval. MIRAT was used in this research which includes 16 self-reporting questions covering age, gender, diabetic history, smoking history, records of hypertension, and family records of coronary heart assault prior 55 years of age etc., This information helps to evaluate the hazard of Myocardial infraction based on danger score criteria. In case the resulting points are greater than 10, considered patients are at greater threat of getting MI. Results: Using the inclusion criteria, 100 subjects were involved in the research. 36 of them were women, while 64 of them were men. The ages 35 to 50 made up the bulk of the population, while 23% of people were from an agricultural background and 38% were from the business sector. Twenty-two (22%) of the 100 participants were found to possess a greater threat of developing MI. Conclusion: The study's findings showed that the MIRAT can be used to foretell the possibility of time ahead of Myocardial infarction.
Myocardial Infarction Risk Assessment Tool
Unlocking the potential of stem cell therapy for Autism: A new era in neurotherapeutics
Autism spectrum disorders have distinct core symptoms, including struggles with social interactions and repetitive behaviours. These disorders involve complex neurodevelopmental problems, inflammation, and immune system dysfunction. Due to the underlying neurobiological causes of autism, researchers have explored the potential of cell-based therapies, such as stem cells, to treat the condition. Stem cells exhibit unique immunological properties, making them a promising area of study for autism treatment. This review examines autism's cellular and molecular abnormalities, potential stem cell therapies, animal models, and ongoing clinical trials. Research on autism's genetics shows that no proven cure exists, but studying stem cells has led to promising results, particularly with mesenchymal stem cells and human embryonic stem cells. These cells have been used to reduce autism severity and improve quality of life. Additionally, stem cells have been used to model various autism forms, such as Rett Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome, allowing researchers to develop novel therapies. However, researchers must consider the ethical implications of their work, particularly when studying children, and prioritize their well-being and safety.
Contemporary Strategies In The Pharmacological Management Of Hypertension
Hypertension remains a prevalent and significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases globally, necessitating effective and evolving treatment strategies. Contemporary pharmacological management of hypertension has shifted toward personalized therapy, emphasizing the use of novel drug classes alongside traditional agents. Current antihypertensive strategies include the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, and diuretics, often in combination, to optimize blood pressure control. Newer agents, such as direct renin inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) with enhanced efficacy, and selective aldosterone antagonists, have expanded treatment options, especially for patients with coexisting conditions like diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Additionally, the integration of fixed-dose combination therapies has improved adherence and patient outcomes. Personalized medicine, guided by genetic and phenotypic factors, further refines treatment regimens, ensuring better tolerability and effectiveness. As research continues, novel biomarkers and non-pharmacological interventions are also being explored to complement pharmacological therapies, ultimately aiming for a more holistic and effective approach to hypertension management.
Role of gabaergic Drugs in the Treatment of Anxiety and Epilepsy
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Dysfunction of the GABAergic system has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety and epilepsy. GABAergic drugs, which modulate the GABA receptor activity, have become crucial therapeutic agents in managing these conditions. This review explores the mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and recent advancements in GABAergic drugs for the treatment of anxiety and epilepsy. Given the critical role of GABA in modulating neuronal excitability, the GABAergic system has been, and continues to be, an important target for efforts to identify new therapies for epilepsy, convulsive status epilepticus and other CNS disorders, including anxiety, sleep and depression.
Navigating The Pharmacological Landscape Of Asthma Management: Current And Future Trends
This paper reviews asthma treatment advancements, particularly short-acting β2 agonists (SABAs) and innovative therapies. While SABAs have been essential since the 1950s, low patient adherence often leads to overuse and poor outcomes. This review examines the pharmacology of inhaled SABAs and presents as-needed inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) with formoterol as a promising alternative for swift relief. With asthma remaining a critical global health issue, recent progress in pharmacotherapy—such as digital therapies, precision medicine, and new drug classes—offers new hope for better management. The analysis highlights the urgent need to tackle unmet requirements in cost, accessibility, and adherence, especially in resource-limited settings, to ensure optimal care for all patients.
Exploring the Adaptogenic Power of Withania somnifera: Mechanisms of Stress Alleviation and Implications for Mental Health and Wellness
Stress, a hallmark of contemporary lifestyles, exerts a profound influence on both physical and mental health. Increasingly, adaptogenic herbs are recognized for their capacity to bolster the body’s resilience against stress-related challenges. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), a cornerstone of Ayurvedic medicine, has garnered significant scientific interest due to its ability to modulate the stress response and enhance holistic well-being. This review offers a comprehensive examination of W. somnifera’s adaptogenic properties, with an emphasis on mechanisms of stress alleviation, mental health benefits, and broader applications. Key bioactive compounds, such as withanolides, underlie the herb’s anti-stress, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective actions, mediated in part through regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, neurotransmitter pathways, and inflammatory processes. Clinical evidence underscores its efficacy in reducing cortisol levels, mitigating anxiety and depression, and improving cognitive function. Furthermore, W. somnifera exhibits immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects, supporting physical performance and recovery. Despite robust findings, challenges persist in standardizing formulations and elucidating molecular mechanisms. This review synthesizes current data on W. somnifera’s therapeutic value and safety, highlighting its potential as an integrative intervention in mental health and stress management. Future research focusing on long-term efficacy, optimal dosages, and formulation consistency will likely expand its clinical relevance. Overall, Ashwagandha stands as a promising, evidence-based adaptogen poised to bridge traditional therapeutic wisdom with modern scientific validation.
A Review of Cardioprotective Properties of Various Medicinal Plants
This review examines the cardioprotective properties of various traditional medicinal plants, highlighting their potential in treating and preventing cardiovascular diseases. The cardiovascular system’s complexity and the growing burden of heart diseases have led to increased interest in natural therapeutic alternatives. We analyze twelve significant medicinal plants: Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus), Amla (Phyllanthus emblica), Grapes (Vitis vinifera), Arjun Tree (Terminalia arjuna), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), Katuka (Picrorhiza kurroa), Indian Laburnum (Cassia fistula), Kokum (Garcinia indica), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), Fox Glove (Digitalis purpurea), Garlic (Allium sativum), and Turmeric (Curcuma longa). Each plant is evaluated for its phytochemical composition, traditional uses, and experimental evidence supporting cardioprotective effects. The review particularly focuses on their roles in preventing and treating various cardiac conditions, including myocardial infarction, hypertension, and other cardiovascular disorders. The experimental studies cited demonstrate these plants’ efficacy through various mechanisms, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and direct cardioprotective actions. This comprehensive analysis provides a foundation for future research in developing natural cardioprotective therapeutics while acknowledging the traditional wisdom of various medical systems.
A Case Report On Montelukast And Fexofenadine Induced Depression And Nightmares
Depression and nightmares are caused by Montelukast. Montelukast is a selective leukotriene receptor antagonist (LRTA) and US-FDA issued a black box warning in 2020. In this case report, a 14 year old female was prescribed a combination of Tab. Montelukast and Tab. Fexofenadine for the treatment of bronchial asthma exacerbations. After this, she started experiencing multiple episodes of depression and nightmares. The patient was asked to avoid Montelukast after which the patient's condition improved and she was started on MDI Formoterol fumarate and Budesonide powder for inhalation and Tab. Desloratadine for further management. After stopping the drug, her condition improved. This case underlines the importance of monitoring for rare but serious side effects of leukotriene receptor antagonist and highlights the need for further research into their mechanisms and risk factors.
A Case Report On Donepezil Induced Cervical Dystonia
Cervical dystonia, is a neurological condition characterized by involuntary neck muscle contractions, abnormal head and neck postures. This case report describes a 63-year-old male with Parkinsonism and early dementia who developed severe cervical dystonia after starting Donepezil, a cholinesterase inhibitor used to manage cognitive impairment. The patient came with complaints of difficulty in sitting, mild rigidity and anterior neck flexion. Discontinuation of Donepezil led to significant improvement; subsequent treatment with Trihexyphenidyl was effective. This case underscores the importance of monitoring for rare but serious side effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and highlights the need for further research into their mechanisms and risk factors.
Escitalopram-Induced Hyponatremia and Neurological Adverse Effects: A Case Series
Escitalopram is a Selective Serotonin Receptor Inhibitor (SSRI) prescribed for the management of anxiety, major depressive disorders, agitation, and dementia. Hyponatremia is a familiar side effect of SSRIs; however, there are only a few pieces of literature that give evidence of escitalopram-induced hyponatremia and hyponatremic encephalopathy. SSRIs are also known to cause rare neurological side effects, such as extrapyramidal symptoms like tremulousness, Parkinsonism, which often go unlisted. SSRIs also shows an example of drug-induced psychiatric disorders such as visual hallucinations.
Phytoniosomal gel of acalypha indica: a novel topical delivery system for anti-inflammatory activity
This study aimed to develop and evaluate an anti-inflammatory gel formulation utilizing Acalypha indica phytoniosomes. Acalypha indica, a traditional medicinal plant, possesses potent anti-inflammatory properties attributed to various bioactive compounds. Phytoniosomes are novel drug delivery systems that combine the therapeutic benefits of plant extracts (phytoconstituents) with the advantages of niosomes. They form stable complexes that enhance the bioavailability, stability, and targeting of the phytoconstituents. The study involved formulating a gel base incorporating Acalypha indica phytoniosomes and evaluating its physicochemical properties (pH, viscosity, spreadability) and in vitro release characteristics. The developed gel demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory potential, with sustained release of Acalypha indica phytoconstituents. This research provides a foundation for further investigation into the clinical application of this novel gel formulation for the management of inflammatory skin conditions.
Formulation and evaluation of herbal tablet from moringa Oleifera leaves
The aim of the study is formulation and evaluation of herbal tablets from moringa oleifera leaves. Moringa oleifera leaves was extracted with ethanol and formulated by using different binders which included Gelatin, Micro-crystalline Cellulose (MCC), Maize Starch produced the best tablets of ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves. Numerous criteria, including strength (friability, crushing strength), and release characteristics (disintegration and dissolution durations tests), were used to characterize the formulations. The outcome demonstrated that, in comparison to tablets made with MCC or maize starch, those made with gelatin as a binder had the lowest friability and disintegration time.
A retrospective study on prescription patterns and therapeutic approaches for various cancer chemotherapies in tertiary care hospital, Narasaraopet
Background: Cancer is a life-threatening disease that causes death. Cancer is the leading cause of death. There are several factors for the formation of cancers. According to survey conducted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the American Cancer Society (ACS) in 2022 20 million new cancer cases are raised by 2022 and 9.7 million deaths. Aim/Objectives: This study assesses the prescription patterns and therapeutic approaches for various types of cancer. To evaluate the drug prescription patterns of Anti-Cancer drugs in cancer patients in tertiary care hospital, to observe different dose regimens, to study the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs in various cancer chemotherapies, and to determine the survival rate in cancer patients. Materials &methods: A retrospective observational study in a period of 5 months in a tertiary care hospital. Results: A total of 80 patients are enrolled in this study after diagnosed as the cancer. And majority of cancer patients are females. And cancer attacks majorly in the age group of 51-60. Cervix, and breast cancers in females are more. Based on the condition and severity of the patients the different types of cytotoxic drugs are used. Majorly the platinum-based drugs like cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin are used. The drugs like ondansetron, dexamethasone, chlorpheniramine maleate, ranitidine, pantoprazole, and etc,. drugs are given to control or to suppress, the side effects caused by the cytotoxic drugs. Conclusion: The cytotoxic drugs are given in a controlled manner, there is a gap of 3 weeks for every chemotherapy cycle. The quality of life and survival rate can be increased by chemotherapy but there is a chance of death.
Different Roles of Pharmacists As A Health Care Professionals
In terms of giving proficient administrations, the pharmacy profession has extended altogether and is presently recognized as fundamental to the multidisciplinary conveyance of wellbeing care. Since drug specialists are vital healthcare experts who progress persistent care and energize wellness, their position in society's healthcare is vital. Drug specialists are sometimes referred to as chemists and druggists in the therapeutic field. Drug specialists work with solutions and donate exact data approximately them. They moreover assist in the generation, detailing, quality control, standardization, compounding and apportioning of different dose shapes so that they can be utilized to treat a variety of maladies. In the healthcare framework, the drug specialist works in various ways, such as Investigate and Improvement (R&D) segment, creating new drug definitions, and keeping up legitimate security and poisonous quality of the drugs. The drug specialist is vital for the slight elderly populace in essential care. The part of drug specialists has been growing around the Globe, in the present time, as an case the COVID-19 widespread. In pith, drug specialists are essential to the wellbeing care framework. The article makes a difference distinguish pharmacists' various parts in diverse healthcare framework areas to create a healthier world., which is all emphasize themes of protection, royal authority, and well-being. It is also believed to be an abbreviation for the Latin word "recipe," meaning "Take" (referring to the medicine). Additionally, the symbol is associated with the zodiac sign of Jupiter.
Pharmacist, Central Drug dispensing Area, Clinical pharmacy, Patient Counselling, Drug safety, Health Education, Medication Adherence
Chandipura Virus (CHPV), part of the Rhabdoviridae family, causes outbreaks primarily in rural India, affecting children with influenza-like symptoms and neurological issues. Transmitted by vectors like mosquitoes, ticks, and sand flies, CHPV has a negative-sense RNA genome encoding five proteins (N, P, M, G, L). The P protein is crucial for the viral life cycle, while the M protein is highly lethal. Currently, no specific treatment exists, but symptomatic management includes using mannitol to reduce brain edema. A Vero cell- based vaccine candidate has shown promise as a preventive measure. Effective control involves vector management, maintaining nutrition, hygiene, and increasing awareness in rural areas. Until an effective antiviral agent is developed, preventive measures such as public health education and vector containment remain critical in curbing CHPV outbreaks.
A review on dicarboxylic acids and their derivatives used to treat diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and complex condition that disrupts how the body breaks down proteins, fats, and sugars. It is described as being incapable of decreasing the blood sugar levels. Type 1 diabetes is caused by β cell failure in the pancreas, whereas type 2 diabetes is caused by insufficient insulin and the body's resistance to it. Diabetes is considered a common disease. There are many drugs and techniques put into practice to control diabetes. The current drugs for diabetes, including insulin and other agents, have some problems. These include needing to be used for a long time, having bad side effects, and being expensive. Due to these problems, people are more likely to look for safer and cheaper medicines, such as plant-based medicines. The plants, which have natural ingredients, are now being studied in research.
Diabetes mellitus, Phytochemicals, Anti-diabetic drugs
A Comprehensive Overview On Pharmacovigilance Ensuring Drug Safety
In order to guarantee medication safety, enhance clinical procedures, and safeguard the public's health, pharmacovigilance is essential in identifying and controlling adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Expert systems are crucial for quickly detecting safety issues and averting product withdrawals because to the increasing amount of ADR data. Complex, cross-border safety issues can be better managed by implementing independent review methods and fortifying the worldwide pharmacovigilance network, such as through the Uppsala Monitoring Center. The creation of pharmacovigilance centers around the world has strengthened medication safety monitoring, despite ongoing issues including underreporting and data quality. Initiatives since the year 2000 have concentrated on enhancing drug safety systems, encouraging cooperation between researchers, healthcare providers, and regulatory bodies, and extensively sharing safety data. Pharmacovigilance developments have changed the strategy from changing from reactive to proactive, filling in the gaps, and enhancing medication safety. Along with lowering patient harm and promoting sensible prescription usage, these advancements have also increased confidence in healthcare systems around the world. Pharmacovigilance is becoming a vital instrument for public health protection.
Pharmacovigilance, Drug safety, Adverse Drug Reactions, Public health, Safety
Drug Safety in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Review of Current Guidelines
The use of medications during pregnancy and lactation poses unique challenges for healthcare providers. Drug safety must be carefully evaluated to prevent adverse effects on the developing fetus or the breastfeeding infant. This review discusses the current guidelines for the use of medications during pregnancy and lactation, focusing on risk classification systems, commonly used medications, and strategies to minimize risks while ensuring effective treatment.
Pregnancy and medication safety, Lactation and drug use, FDA Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR), Teratogenicity, Breastfeeding and pharmacology
The Usage Of Biomarkers In The Early Detection Of Diseases
This review discusses the definition and types of biomarkers. It also reviews the potential use of biomarkers in diagnosing, Treating, Predecting the course of various diseases such as cardiovascular, Infectious, Cancer. The current review focuses on biomarkers for CVD, Infectious, Cancer and the procedures that should be consider to establish the comprehensive nature of the expression of biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases. It also discusses how biomarkers can help with treatment decisions and monitoring disease progression.
Biomarker, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, Biomolecular system, CVD, Cancer, Infectious disease.