International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
Welcome to IJRPP, International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics (IJRPP) is a peer-reviewed, Quarterly official international journal allowing access to abstracts and full-text. The journal is devoted to the promotion of pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines (Pharmacology, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry & Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical & Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics & Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics including biotechnology, cell & molecular biology, Pharmaceutical biotechnology/microbiology, medical and other life sciences). ISSN - International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics Online : 2278-2656 Print : 2278-2648 International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics seeks to foster multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, pharmaceutical industries and healthcare sector as well as provide an international forum for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and opinions in pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines. Although primarily devoted to original research papers, the journal particularly welcomes reviews on current topics of special interest and relevance. All manuscripts will be subjected to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not already under consideration for publication) will be published. EDITOR.
Futuristic Publications, 408, Sai Satya Nilayam, Road No.1, Shankar Nagar, Peerzadiguda, Hyderabad-500039, Telangana.
Development of Buccal Patches Using Quality by Design
The introduction of pharmacotherapy with macromolecules, including peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, has revolutionized modern pharmacotherapy because of their highly site-specific action and excellent toxicity profiles. Despite their superior pharmacological effectiveness, macromolecular agents are faced with critical delivery challenges that seriously limit their clinical applications. Considerable pre systemic elimination, acidic digestive degradation of the stomach, and poor oral bioavailability pose significant barriers to effective therapeutic response. More conventional methods of parenteral administration, while eliminating GI barriers, impose disadvantages like high cost, poor patient compliance, frequent administration, and complications associated with invasive therapy. Buccal patch technology has emerged as a novel alternative delivery platform designed to overcome these formulation challenges. Positioned between the upper gingiva and the buccal mucosa, these patches allow for drug absorption through highly permeable buccal mucosa. The main advantage of this route is direct access to the systemic circulation through the internal jugular vein, thereby avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism and significantly improving the bioavailability. The buccal mucosa presents ideal characteristics for drug delivery, such as easy accessibility, high permeability, and rich vascularity, thus making it suitable for both topical and systemic active applications. Application of (QbD) principles in the development of buccal patches offers an avenue for systematic optimization and scientific rigor during formulation. The approach starts with the definition of QTPP, which is followed by systematic identification of critical quality attributes, including mucoadhesive strength, drug content uniformity, surface pH, and controlled-release characteristics. Careful optimization of CMAs and CPPs allows product developers to achieve consistent product quality, enhanced bioavailability, and superior therapeutic efficacy while adhering to regulatory compliance. It also covers some of the basic aspects of buccal patch technology: anatomy and physiology of buccal mucosa, mechanisms of drug permeation, theories governing mucoadhesion, formulation design strategies, and standardized protocols for its evaluation. The amalgamation of QbD principles with buccal delivery technology offers a sound basis for the development of patient-friendly, efficient therapeutic systems for macromolecular drugs. This constitutes a meaningful advance in transmucosal drug delivery because of its better bioavailability, improved therapeutic response, and outstanding reproducibility that positions buccal patches for future pharmaceutical delivery systems.
Buccal patches, mucoadhesive drug delivery, first-pass metabolism, bioavailability enhancement, trans mucosal absorption, macromolecular drugs.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Comprehensive Review of Mentha Arvensis
Mentha arvensis Linn. (field mint), a perennial aromatic herb of the family Lamiaceae, is widely valued for its medicinal, pharmaceutical, and industrial significance. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of Mentha arvensis, encompassing its botanical description, taxonomical classification, geographical distribution, cultivation practices, and phytochemical composition. Special emphasis is placed on its essential oil, which is rich in menthol and other bioactive constituents such as terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. The review also summarizes physicochemical properties essential for quality control and standardization. Traditional uses in Ayurveda, Unani, and folk medicine are critically correlated with modern pharmacological studies. Experimental evidence supports a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, gastroprotective, analgesic, hepatoprotective, and radioprotective effects. Overall, Mentha arvensis emerges as an important medicinal plant bridging traditional knowledge and contemporary scientific research.
Mentha arevensis, flavonoids, lamiacae, Physicochemical Properties, Pharmacological Activities
Introduction: Imidazole and its derivatives have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their broad spectrum of biological activities. This heterocyclic moiety is of significant interest to medicinal chemists for exploring its diverse pharmacological potential. The present article reviews the chemistry of imidazole and highlights its pharmacological activities, including antihelmintic, anticancer, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects, based on studies of various synthesized derivatives. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature survey was conducted using research articles and published reports that describe the chemistry of imidazole and the pharmacological evaluation of its structurally modified derivatives. Results: Available data indicate that imidazole, a heteroatomic planar five-membered ring system, exhibits versatile chemistry with diverse physicochemical properties. These properties can be effectively modulated through structural modifications, leading to derivatives with varied pharmacological activities. The present review summarizes the effects of different substituents and moieties incorporated into the imidazole nucleus and their influence on biological activity. Conclusion: The review discusses various synthetic approaches to imidazole and its derivatives, emphasizing their chemical characteristics. Based on these chemical insights, different substituted and fused imidazole compounds are analyzed for their potential pharmacological applications.
Anthelmintic, Anticancer, Antifungal, Anti-inflammatory, Imidazole.
Evaluation of In-Vitro Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of A Combination of Horsegram and Tamarind Seeds
Urolithiasis is a prevalent urinary disorder characterized by the formation of crystalline stones, primarily composed of calcium oxalate. The present study aims to evaluate the in vitro anti-urolithiatic activity of a combination of Tamarindus indica Linn. and Macrotyloma uniflorum seed extracts. Both seeds have a long history of traditional use in the management of kidney stones. The powdered seeds were extracted using suitable aqueous/ethanolic solvent systems and evaluated using in vitro calcium oxalate nucleation, crystal growth inhibition, and aggregation assays. The inhibitory activity of the combined extract was compared with a standard anti-urolithiatic drug. Results revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal formation. The combination extract showed significant reduction in nucleation, growth, and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals, indicating a synergistic effect of phytoconstituents present in both seeds. The findings support the traditional use of these plant seeds and suggest their potential role in the prevention and management of urolithiasis.
Urolithiasis; Calcium oxalate; Tamarindus indica; Macrotyloma uniflorum; In vitro anti-urolithiatic activity
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face Serum by Using Nelumbo Nucifera for Treating Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation is a common dermatological condition characterized by excessive melanin production, leading to uneven skin tone and aesthetic concerns. The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate a herbal face serum incorporating Nelumbo nucifera extract for the management of hyperpigmentation, utilizing its antioxidant, anti-melanogenic, and skin-protective properties. Fresh leaves of Nelumbo nucifera were collected, authenticated, and subjected to physicochemical evaluation, followed by extraction using 70% ethanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, and steroids. Quantitative analysis revealed a high total phenolic content (220.9 ± 0.83 µg GAE/mg), indicating strong antioxidant potential. The herbal face serum was formulated using suitable excipients including aloe vera gel, glycerine, xanthan gum, vitamin E acetate, and rose water. The formulation was evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, refractive index, and stability, all of which were found to be within acceptable limits. The serum exhibited a skin-compatible pH (6.1 ± 0.05), good spreadability, and non-greasy texture, indicating high cosmetic acceptability. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH free radical–scavenging assay. The extract showed significant activity (79.3 ± 0.7% inhibition at 100 µg/mL), while the formulated serum demonstrated comparable activity (73.8 ± 0.9%), confirming retention of bioactivity after formulation. Overall, the study demonstrates that Nelumbo nucifera extract can be effectively incorporated into a stable and cosmetically acceptable herbal face serum with significant antioxidant activity. The formulation shows promising potential as a safe, natural alternative for the management of hyperpigmentation and warrants further clinical evaluation.
Nelumbo nucifera, Herbal face serum, Hyperpigmentation, Antioxidant activity, DPPH assay, Phytochemical screening, Total phenolic content.
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles play a central role in medicinal chemistry, particularly in the development of anticancer therapeutics. Among these, the indole nucleus has attracted sustained interest owing to its structural versatility, favorable physicochemical properties, and ability to interact with diverse biological targets. A wide range of indole-based compounds, including natural products, semi-synthetic analogues, and fully synthetic derivatives, have demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity across multiple cancer models. The anticancer effects of indole derivatives arise from their capacity to modulate key molecular pathways involved in tumor growth and survival, such as kinase-mediated signaling, epigenetic regulation, DNA-processing enzymes, and microtubule dynamics. Clinically approved drugs such as vincristine and vinblastine exemplify the therapeutic relevance of this scaffold and continue to inspire the design of next-generation indole analogues with improved selectivity and pharmacokinetic performance. This review highlights recent advances in indole-based anticancer agents, emphasizing their mechanisms of action, structural diversity, and future potential in oncology drug discovery.
Antiproliferative activity, kinase-mediated signaling, epigenetic.
Tumor Microenvironment in Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis: Mechanistic Perspectives
Breast cancer progression and metastatic dissemination are not solely determined by intrinsic tumor cell properties but are profoundly influenced by the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME comprises a dynamic network of stromal cells, immune infiltrates, endothelial cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), soluble mediators, and metabolic gradients that collectively regulate tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. Reciprocal interactions between malignant epithelial cells and stromal components activate multiple signalling pathways, including TGF-β, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, and hypoxia-inducible factor signalling, which orchestrate epithelial–mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix remodelling, and metastatic niche formation. Cancer-associated fibroblasts remodel the ECM and secrete pro-tumorigenic cytokines, while tumor-associated macrophages and regulatory T cells suppress anti-tumor immunity and facilitate angiogenesis. Hypoxia and acidic metabolism further enhance genomic instability and drug resistance. Emerging evidence highlights the plasticity of the TME and its role in shaping therapeutic responses, emphasizing the importance of targeting stromal and immune components alongside tumor cells. Advances in single-cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomic, and organoid co-culture models have refined our understanding of cellular heterogeneity and intercellular crosstalk within breast tumors. This review synthesizes mechanistic insights into the cellular, molecular, and biophysical determinants of the breast cancer TME, emphasizing their contribution to invasion and metastasis. Understanding these complex interactions offers opportunities for developing precision therapeutics that modulate the microenvironment to enhance treatment efficacy and overcome resistance.
Tumor microenvironment; Breast cancer; Metastasis; Immune modulation; Extracellular matrix.
Sunscreen: An Updated Review on UV Protection, Efficacy and Safety
Sunscreen is used to protect against ultraviolet rays from the sun. Sunscreen works by using ultraviolet light. When applied to the skin, the first type of mechanism reflects UV rays, while the second type absorbs UV rays and transforms them into heat energy for the human body. The medication is more effective against UV rays when it is infused into sunscreen. The SPF is greater when medications are used in sunscreen than when standard sunscreens are sold on the market (1, 2). Frequent use of sunscreen will leave the skin smooth and hydrated, preserving its natural color and shielding it from UV-induced color damage. The possibility that a sunscreen product will succeed after development is confirmed by the four fundamental criteria of effectiveness, safety, registration, and patent freedom. Sunblock formulae must be created to prevent sunburn, sun tanning, skin melanoma, and early fine lines and wrinkles in addition to increasing the degree of sun protection factor (SPF) (4, 5). Sunscreens are frequently used to protect the skin from the sun's harmful rays and reduce the risk of sun-induced skin disorders. Broad-spectrum sunscreens are now being researched in an effort to mitigate the long-term effects of excessive UV exposure. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant with photoprotective qualities that is vital to human health (3, 4).
Sunscreen, UV Radiation, SPF, Photoprotection, Skin Cancer, UVA/UVB
Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Review of Cissus Rotundifolia
Cissus rotundifolia* Lam. (Vitaceae) is a medicinal and edible plant traditionally used in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula for the treatment of diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, infections, and nutritional deficiencies. The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition, nutritional value, functional properties, and ethnomedicinal relevance of *C. rotundifolia*, with special emphasis on flavonoids, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Plant materials were collected from mountainous regions of Yemen and subjected to proximate analysis, mineral profiling, vitamin estimation, organic acid analysis, and functional property evaluation using standard analytical methods. Flavonoid compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC, supported by UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopic techniques. DNA fingerprinting was also performed to support molecular identification and genetic characterization of the species. The results revealed that *C. rotundifolia* leaves are rich in proteins, crude fiber, essential minerals, vitamins C and E, and bioactive flavonoids, indicating strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial potential. Functional property analysis demonstrated good water and oil absorption capacities, solubility, and foaming ability, supporting its suitability for food and pharmaceutical applications. The findings scientifically validate the traditional uses of *C. rotundifolia* and highlight its potential as a valuable nutraceutical and medicinal resource, providing a foundation for future pharmacological and industrial studies.
Cissus rotundifolia, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial activity, women health, organic acid analysis, vitamin content Analysis.
Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni: Phytochemistry, Ethnomedicinal Uses and Therapeutic Potential of A Natural Non-Caloric Sweetener
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a perennial herb belonging to the family Asteraceae, has gained global attention as a natural non-caloric sweetener and a medicinal plant with diverse therapeutic benefits. Traditionally used by indigenous communities of South America, stevia has been widely adopted in modern food and pharmaceutical industries due to the presence of intensely sweet diterpene glycosides such as sativoside and rebaudioside. This review provides a comprehensive overview of Stevia rebaudiana, including its botanical description, geographical distribution, ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemical constituents, and biochemical and nutritional properties. The plant is rich in bioactive compounds such as steviol glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, alkaloids, sterols, and volatile constituents, which contribute to its antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, and cardioprotective activities. Additionally, stevia exhibits favorable nutritional characteristics, including low caloric value and beneficial carbohydrate and protein content, making it suitable for diabetic and health-conscious individuals. The growing scientific evidence supports the traditional claims of stevia and highlights its potential as a safe natural alternative to synthetic sweeteners, as well as a promising candidate for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni: steviol glycosides, rebaudioside , flavonoids , phenolic acid, anti diabetic activity , anti hypertensive activity
The Review Study on Implication of Cervical Spine Degenerative and Traumatic Disease in the Pathogenesis of Cervical Vertigo
Cervical spondylosis is a common degenerative disorder of the cervical spine associated with aging, trauma, and mechanical stress. It involves progressive intervertebral disc degeneration, osteophyte formation, ligament thickening, and facet joint changes that may lead to nerve root or spinal cord compression. Besides neck pain and neurological deficits, increasing evidence suggests that cervical degenerative and traumatic conditions contribute to the development of cervical vertigo and may influence auditory symptoms, including hearing disturbances. Cervical vertigo is primarily attributed to altered cervical proprioceptive input arising from degenerated discs and facet joints. Conservative management, including medications and physical therapy, is effective in most cases, while surgery is reserved for refractory patients with structural compression. This review summarizes the anatomical basis, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic strategies related to cervical spine degenerative and traumatic disorders in the pathogenesis of cervicogenic dizziness and associated auditory manifestations.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
A Critical Review of Surapunnaga (Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. & Hook. f.) - Bridging Traditional Ayurvedic Knowledge and Modern Pharmacology
Introduction: Surapunnaga (Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. & Hook. f.) is a traditionally important Ayurvedic drug mainly indicated in Kushtha (skin disorders), Vrana (wounds), and inflammatory conditions. The seed oil, popularly known as Tamanu oil, is extensively used in external therapeutic applications. Though classical texts describe its Kapha Vata hara and wound healing properties, comprehensive scientific validation and clinical standardization remain limited. This review aims to critically evaluate classical claims and correlate them with available modern pharmacological evidence. Methods: A narrative review was conducted by analyzing references from Ayurvedic classical texts including Nighantus and Samhitas, along with peer-reviewed research articles and pharmacological studies. Data related to Rasa Panchaka, traditional indications, phytochemical constituents, experimental pharmacology, and therapeutic applications were compiled and comparatively assessed. Results: Classically, Surapunnaga is described as Madhura, Kashaya rasa, Laghu, Ruksha guna, Sheeta veerya, and Madhura vipaka, predominantly pacifying Kapha and Pitta doshas. It is mainly indicated in skin diseases, chronic non-healing ulcers, pruritus, and inflammatory swellings. Modern pharmacological studies demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound-healing activities. Bioactive constituents such as calophyllolide, inophyllums, flavonoids, and fatty acids contribute to these effects. Experimental models strongly support its topical efficacy in tissue regeneration and infection control; however, robust randomized clinical trials are lacking. Discussion: The available evidence indicates significant correlation between classical Ayurvedic descriptions and modern pharmacological findings, particularly in dermatological and wound management. The predominance of external use enhances its safety profile, though occasional skin sensitivity may occur. Limitations include insufficient large-scale clinical studies and lack of standardized formulations. Future research should focus on controlled clinical trials, dosage standardization, and safety evaluation to strengthen its therapeutic validation in contemporary practice. Conclusion: Surapunnaga is a valuable Ayurvedic medicinal plant widely used in skin disorders, wound healing, and inflammatory conditions. Traditional knowledge and modern studies both support its therapeutic potential. However, further well-designed clinical studies and standardization are needed to validate its safety, efficacy, and broader integration into evidence-based healthcare.
Surapunnaga, Medicinal plant review, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activities, Herbal therapeutics
Advances in Immunoassay Technologies: Comprehensive Insights into Principles, Applications, and Emerging Trends
Immunoassays are sensitive and specific analytical techniques that rely on antigen–antibody interactions to detect and quantify biomolecules in complex biological samples. It outlines the historical development of immunoassays, beginning with the pioneering radio immunoassay developed by Rosalyn S. Yalow and Solomon Person, based on the antigen–antibody specificity concept proposed by Paul Ehrlich, and later advancements such as ELISA introduced by Eva England and Peter Perlman, along with monoclonal antibody technology developed by Georges Kohler and César Mil stein. It summarizes major immunoassay formats, including competitive and sandwich assays, and key techniques such as ELISA, Possible spelling mistake found. immunoassay (CLIA), fluorescent immunoassay (FIA), radio immunoassay (RIA), Western blotting, flow cytometry, lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).It further highlights recent innovations such as multiplex platforms, nanotechnology-enhanced detection, microfluidic integration, digital immunoassays, and artificial intelligence–assisted analysis, emphasizing the expanding role of immunoassays in clinical diagnostics, biomedical research, pharmaceutical analysis, and point-of-care testing.
ELISA, Radioimmunoassay, Western blotting, Chemiluminescent immunoassay, Fluorescent immunoassay, Flow cytometry, Lateral flow immunoassay, Surface Enhanced Ramen Spectroscopy immunoassay
A Comprehensive Review of Mentha Piperita (Peppermint)
Herbal medicines form an integral component of traditional healthcare systems and continue to gain global importance due to their safety, accessibility, and therapeutic potential. Mentha piperita (peppermint), a perennial aromatic herb belonging to the family Lamiaceae, has been extensively utilized in traditional systems of medicine including Ayurveda, Unani, Chinese medicine, and Western herbal practices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of Mentha piperita with emphasis on its ethnomedicinal significance, botanical characteristics, geographical distribution, phytochemical constituents, extraction and isolation techniques, pharmacological activities, and commercial applications. Peppermint is rich in bioactive compounds such as menthol, menthone, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, stilbenes, and volatile oils, which contribute to its wide range of biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, neuroprotective, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and cardiovascular effects.The review also highlights the role of peppermint in modern pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and oral-care formulations. Overall, Mentha piperita represents a valuable medicinal plant with significant therapeutic potential, supporting its continued use in traditional medicine and its integration into modern healthcare systems.
Mentha Piperita, Bioactive Compounds, Extraction and Isolation, Phytochemical Constituents, Oral Care.
A Comprehensive Review of Cissus quarancularis
The plant's remarkable capacity to heal bones has earned it the nickname "Bone Setter." This publication covers in full the phytochemical composition, taxonomy, botanical description, and various pharmacological characteristics of Cissus quadrangularis. Among the plant's numerous bioactive components include flavonoids, triterpenoids, stilbenes, vitamins, minerals, phytosterols, and compounds that resemble anabolic steroids. Its wide range of biological activities, including as bone regeneration, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, anti-osteoporotic, and wound-healing properties, are caused by these ingredients. In addition, the overview discusses its traditional usage, marketed formulations, dosage forms, and future research opportunities. The therapeutic potential of Cissus quadrangularis as a useful herbal medication is highly supported by the available experimental and clinical data.
Cissus quadrangularis, Pirandai, Hadjod, Vitaceae, phytochemicals, pharmacological effects, osteoporosis, traditional medicine, and herbal remedies
PALMYRA PALM FRUIT AS AN ANTI INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY
The palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer L.) is a traditionally valued tropical plant widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia, particularly in India and Sri Lanka. Various parts of the plant have been utilized in indigenous medicine systems for centuries, with the fruit receiving increasing scientific attention due to its nutritional richness and therapeutic potential. The palmyra palm fruit contains diverse bioactive constituents including polyphenols, flavonoids, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant compounds that contribute to multiple pharmacological activities. Recent experimental and clinical investigations suggest that these phytochemicals play a significant role in modulating inflammatory pathways and improving glycemic control. Chronic inflammation and diabetes mellitus are closely interrelated metabolic disorders characterized by oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and altered cytokine production. Natural plant-based interventions have emerged as promising alternatives or adjunct therapies because of their safety profile and multifunctional biological effects. Evidence indicates that palmyra fruit extracts may inhibit inflammatory mediators, reduce oxidative damage, enhance insulin sensitivity, and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. This article reviews the pharmacological profile, existing literature, experimental evidence, and methodological approaches related to the anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities of palmyra palm fruit. The study aims to consolidate current knowledge and provide a scientific framework for future therapeutic and clinical investigations involving this underutilized functional food resource.
Palmyra palm fruit; Anti-inflammatory activity; Anti-diabetic activity; Phytochemicals; Oxidative stress; Functional food
Evaluation of Abnormal Gestation Induced by Corticostroids in Ivf [In Vitro Fertilisation] Procedure
Corticosteroids in IVF – Benefits and Risks: Corticosteroids like prednisolone and dexamethasone are utilized in IVF to enhance implantation by suppressing maternal immune responses and reducing uterine inflammation. While effective for patients with recurrent failure or autoimmune disorders, their use remains controversial due to significant maternal and fetal complications. Fetal risks include Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR), neonatal adrenal suppression, and congenital anomalies such as orofacial clefts or clubfoot. Furthermore, steroids can weaken the amniotic sac’s collagen structure, increasing the risk of Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) and neonatal sepsis. Maternally, prolonged use is associated with gestational diabetes, hypertension, and Cushingoid features like fluid retention and weight gain. Paradoxically, inappropriate steroid levels can disrupt the hormonal balance needed to sustain pregnancy, potentially leading to miscarriage. Due to these risks, safer immunomodulatory alternatives including IVIG, Tacrolimus, Hydroxychloroquine, and Intralipid therapy are increasingly preferred. When combined with nutritional support (Vitamin D, Omega-3s) and anti-inflammatory lifestyle adjustments, these alternatives aim to improve reproductive success while prioritizing maternal-fetal safety and reducing systemic side effects.
IVF, Corticosteroids; Immune Modulation; Implantation Success; FGR/IUGR, PROM, Gestational Diabetes; Preeclampsia; Congenital Anomalies; Adrenal Suppression, Placental Insufficiency; Immunomodulatory Alternatives (IVIG/Tacrolimus/HCQ)
INTERVENTIONAL STUDY OF LIQUID NITROGEN ON BREAST CANCER BY CRYOABLATION TECHNIQUE
Breast cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, creating a need for minimally invasive and cosmetically acceptable treatments. Cryoablation, a percutaneous technique using extreme cold to destroy malignant tissue, has emerged as an alternative to surgery in selected early-stage cases. This study examines the use of liquid nitrogen (−196°C) in breast cancer cryoablation, focusing on its mechanisms, procedure, material compatibility, dosing, and therapeutic outcomes. Freezing induces ice crystal formation, cellular dehydration, vascular damage, and tumor necrosis, while potentially stimulating anti-tumor immunity. Clinical evidence, including ICE3 trial results, reports a 96.39% five-year local recurrence-free survival rate in low-risk tumors under 1.5 cm, with minimal complications and excellent cosmetic outcomes, supporting its safety and effectiveness in carefully selected patients.
Breast Cancer, liquid Nitrogen, Cryoablation
RESVERATROL NANOFORMULATION FOR CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION AND THERAPY
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and conventional chemotherapy is often limited by non-specific targeting, systemic toxicity, and poor therapeutic efficacy. Recent advances in nanotechnology have introduced nanoformulation-based drug delivery systems as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations. Nanoparticles, typically below 100 nm in size, enhance drug stability, solubility, bioavailability, and selective accumulation in tumor tissues through passive and active targeting mechanisms such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Various nanoformulations including nanocrystals, nanocapsules, nanospheres, nanosponges, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, and vesicular systems have been explored for cancer therapy. Among chemopreventive agents, resveratrol—a natural polyphenolic compound—has gained significant attention due to its antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anticancer properties. However, its clinical application is limited by poor solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid metabolism. Nano-encapsulation of resveratrol effectively addresses these challenges by improving its pharmacokinetic profile, enhancing cellular uptake, and enabling controlled and targeted delivery. Resveratrol-based nanoformulations have demonstrated improved anticancer efficacy against various cancers, including breast, lung, colon, and prostate cancers, by modulating key molecular pathways and inducing apoptosis while reducing systemic toxicity. Thus, nanoformulation-based delivery of resveratrol represents a promising approach for effective cancer prevention and therapy.
Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapy, Resveratrol Nano-formulations, Targeted Drug Delivery Systems, Cancer Chemoprevention
A Comparative Review of Aloe barbadensis Miller and Aloe arborescens
Muntingia calabura Linn. Belongs to the family Muntingiaceae, commonly known as Jamaican cherry, is a traditionally valued medicinal plant used in folk medicine for the management of headache, fever, gastric ulcers, inflammation and diabetes. The present study was aimed to evaluate the physicochemical parameters, preliminary phytochemical screening, in-vitro antioxidant activity and alpha-amylase inhibitory effect of M. calabura leaves. Physicochemical parameters such as ash values, extractive values and moisture content were determined to assess quality and purity. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard qualitative tests. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated through established radical scavenging assays, while antidiabetic potential was assessed using the alpha-amylase inhibition method. The extract exhibited significant, concentration-dependent antioxidant activity and α-amylase inhibitory effect, indicating potential to mitigate oxidative stress and postprandial hyperglycemia. Overall, the findings provide scientific validation for the traditional use of M. calabura and support its potential as a promising natural source of antioxidant and antidiabetic agents. Further bioassay-guided isolation and mechanistic studies are recommended.
Aloe barbadensis Miller, Aloe arborescens, Phytochemicals, Pharmacological activities, Antioxidant, Anticancer
Pharmacognostical Preliminary Phytochemical Exploration and its In-Vitro Antioxidant and Alpha Amylase Inhibitory Effect of Muntingia Calabura Linn
Muntingia calabura Linn. belongs to the family Muntingiaceae, commonly known as Jamaican cherry, is a traditionally valued medicinal plant used in folk medicine for the management of headache, fever, gastric ulcers, inflammation and diabetes. The present study was aimed to evaluate the physicochemical parameters, preliminary phytochemical screening, in-vitro antioxidant activity and alpha-amylase inhibitory effect of M. calabura leaves. Physicochemical parameters such as ash values, extractive values and moisture content were determined to assess quality and purity. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard qualitative tests. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated through established radical scavenging assays, while antidiabetic potential was assessed using the alpha-amylase inhibition method. The extract exhibited significant, concentration-dependent antioxidant activity and α-amylase inhibitory effect, indicating potential to mitigate oxidative stress and postprandial hyperglycemia. Overall, the findings provide scientific validation for the traditional use of M. calabura and support its potential as a promising natural source of antioxidant and antidiabetic agents. Further bioassay-guided isolation and mechanistic studies are recommended.
Alpha-amylase inhibition, in-vitro antioxidant activity, Muntingia calabura, physicochemical evaluation, preliminary phytochemical screening.
Review Study on Yanai Nerunji /Pedalium Murex as an Diuretic Activity
Many traditional medical systems, including Ayurveda, Siddha, and folk practices, use Pedalium murex Linn. (Yanai Nerunji), a medicinal plant in the Pedaliaceae family, to treat reproductive, renal, and urinary diseases. The plant's varied pharmacological actions are attributed to its abundance of bioactive phytoconstituents, which include flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, steroids, tannins, and mucilage. It has long been used as a natural diuretic and to treat kidney stones, inflammation, urinary tract infections, and dysuria. These conventional claims are supported by scientific research, which mostly uses preclinical animal models to emphasize its diuretic, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. The material that is currently accessible on Pedalium murex's phytochemistry, traditional applications, pharmacological characteristics, and therapeutic value is compiled and examined in this review.
Diuretic action, urinary problems, nephroprotective activity, anti-urolithiatic, phytochemistry, traditional medicine, herbal medication, Yanai Nerunji, Pedalium murex
CORRELATION BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF AMA CAUSING PRANAVAHA STROTO DUSHTI VIKARA WITH REFERENCE TO GUT RESPIRATORY AXIS- A CRITICAL REVIEW
Introduction: In Ayurvedic physiology, the integrity of Agni (digestive fire) is essential for maintaining health. Impairment of Jatharagni leads to the formation of Āma, a toxic and incompletely metabolized substance characterized by guru (heavy) and picchila (sticky) properties. Āma accumulates in Dhatus (tissues) and obstructs Srotas (body channels), resulting in Srotodushti. When this pathology affects Pranavaha Srotas (respiratory channels), it manifests as respiratory disorders such as Tamaka Shwasa (bronchial asthma). Modern biomedical research describes a similar interaction through the gut–lung axis, where gut microbial imbalance influences pulmonary immunity and inflammation. Materials and Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Electronic databases including PubMed and Google Scholar were searched along with classical Ayurvedic texts such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Keywords included Ama, Jatharagni, Pranavaha Srotas, Srotodushti, and gut–lung axis. Relevant peer-reviewed studies, reviews, and Ayurvedic conceptual analyses were selected. Results: Classical Ayurvedic literature attributes respiratory disorders to systemic spread of Āma arising from impaired digestion, leading to obstruction of Pranavaha Srotas and symptoms like dyspnea, wheezing, and cough. Modern studies show that gut dysbiosis alters immune responses via microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, affecting cytokine production, T-cell differentiation, and airway inflammation. Increased intestinal permeability and endotoxemia further promote pulmonary inflammation. Discussion: The Ayurvedic concept of Āma-mediated Srotodushti parallels the modern gut–lung axis model. Both frameworks highlight digestive dysfunction as a contributor to systemic immune imbalance and respiratory pathology. Integrating these perspectives may aid in identifying biomarkers of Āma, gut dysbiosis, and inflammatory mediators, encouraging future interdisciplinary research and integrative therapeutic approaches.
Ama, Pranavaha Strotas, Srotodushti, gut respiratory axis, Tamaka Shwasa, Agni.
Review Study on Ear Equilibrium that Affect the Speech Ability
Intracranial pressure (ICP) represents the pressure exerted by brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and cerebral blood volume within the rigid cranial vault. Any pathological alteration in ICP, particularly sustained elevation, can result in significant neurological dysfunction. Among the various affected neurological domains, speech and language abilities are especially vulnerable due to the sensitivity of cortical and subcortical speech centers to pressure-related ischemia, edema, and neuronal injury. Disorders of speech such as aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia of speech, and reduced verbal fluency have been increasingly reported in patients with conditions associated with raised ICP, including traumatic brain injury, intracranial hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, brain tumors, and central nervous system infections. The relationship between intracranial pressure dynamics and speech impairment is complex and involves neuroanatomical disruption, altered cerebral perfusion, and neurotransmitter imbalance. Pharmacological interventions aimed at reducing ICP, such as osmotic diuretics, corticosteroids, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, play a critical role in preventing secondary brain injury and preserving speech function. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the effects of altered intracranial pressure on speech ability, highlighting underlying mechanisms, drug profiles, and therapeutic strategies. Understanding this relationship is essential for early diagnosis, effective management, and rehabilitation planning to improve neurological and communicative outcomes in affected patients.
Intracranial pressure, Speech impairment, Aphasia, Cerebral edema, Pharmacotherapy, Neurolinguistics
Association Between Milk and Dairy Product Intake and The Risk of Dental Caries in Children and Adolescents- A Questionnaire Based Study
To date, few studies have comprehensively explored the associations between milk and dairy product intake and dental caries. Therefore, this study aimed to simultaneously assess the associations between whole milk, low-fat milk, skim milk, yogurt, milk desserts, cheese, creams, and total fluid milk in-take and the risk of dental caries in children and adolescents. Aim: To assess the associations between whole milk, low-fat milk, skim milk, yogurt, milk desserts, cheese, creams, and total fluid milk in take and the risk of dental caries in children and adolescents. Objective: To evaluate the level of awareness regarding the associations between milk and dairy product intake and dental caries And To determine students perception about its uses and risks. Method: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2016. Two 24-hour dietary recall interviews measured dietary milk and dairy product intake. Primary teeth caries was diagnosed by the dfs (decayed or filled primary tooth surfaces) index, and permanent teeth caries was diagnosed by the DMFS (decayed, missing, or filled permanent tooth surfaces) index. We used logistic regression to explore the associations between milk and dairy product intake and the risk of dental caries.
dental caries, yogurt, cheese, children, adolescents.
Future Prospects of Natural Dyes in Textiles and Cosmetic Industry
Natural colorants made from plants, animals, and minerals were the main source for dyeing and printing for thousands of years. Due to their consistency and cost, synthetic dyes gradually took over the market, but their use has resulted in serious health hazards, including mutagenic and carcinogenic consequences, as well as environmental damage. This has led to a resurgence of interest in natural, environmentally friendly substitutes, especially in the textile and cosmetic sectors. The peels of pomegranates (*Punica granatum L.) contain important tannins and the coloring agent granatonine, making them a powerful natural dye source. According to research, ethanol water solutions can be used to successfully extract crude dye from pomegranate peels, which can then be refined for use on silk and leather. Sustainable colouration with increased fastness can be attained by optimising dyeing parameters like temperature, duration, and pH and by using natural mordants and fixing agents like gum rosin.
Natural colorants, pomegranates (*Punica granatum L.), granatonine
Veliparuthi (Pergularia Daemia): A Comprehensive Review on Botanical Characteristics, Phytochemical Constituents, Traditional Uses, and Pharmacological Activities
The present investigation focuses on the phytochemical analysis and therapeutic potential of Pergularia daemia. Traditionally, this medicinal plant has been used for its laxative, antipyretic, and expectorant properties, as well as in the treatment of infantile diarrhea and malarial fever. The study includes preliminary phytochemical screening followed by an evaluation of antibacterial activity. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, quinones, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, steroids, and glycosides. Among the various solvent extracts, the hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Pergularia daemia showed a higher concentration of these bioactive constituents. Antimicrobial activity was observed against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, indicating the potential effectiveness of the plant extract.
Pergularia daemia, laxative, antipyretic, expectorant
Medicinal Importance and Phytochemical Constituents af Drynaria Quercifolia: An Analytical Review
The botanical characteristics, geographic range, and ethnomedical uses of D. quercifolia were all covered in detail in this thorough analysis. Additionally, a phytochemical analysis of the rhizome was conducted, yielding values for water-soluble ash (50%), acid-insoluble ash (12.5%), and total ash (8%). The existence of important secondary metabolites such tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and sterols was verified by sequential solvent extraction and qualitative screening of petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and aqueous extracts. Eleven more bioactive chemicals were found by GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extract, supporting the plant's medicinal potential and confirming its use in conventional and preventative medicine.
Lactoferrin as A Natural Preservative: Sources, Mechanisms, and Applications in Food and Pharmaceutical Industries
To stop microbiological deterioration and increase shelf life, preservatives are crucial for food and medicinal items. Naturally produced preservatives have drawn more attention as consumers' preferences for natural and clean-label ingredients expand. The categorization of preservatives is covered in this review, with a special emphasis on lactoferrin and natural preservatives derived from plant, animal, and microbial sources. The iron-binding glycoprotein lactoferrin, which is widely found in milk and colostrum, has antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory qualities. The review focuses on lactoferrin's physicochemical properties, sources, and structure that support its biological roles. Iron sequestration, microbial membrane rupture, and immunological regulation are some of its modes of action. Lactoferrin's uses in the food business are covered, including dairy products, baby formula, bio preservation, and antimicrobial food packaging. Lactoferrin is shown to be a promising natural preservative and functional food ingredient by safety assessments and regulatory considerations.
Lactoferrin , Natural Preservatives, Antimicrobial Activity, Food Preservation, Biopreservation and Food Safety.
Essential Oils and Bioactive Compounds as Natural Preservatives: Focus on Ocimum Basilicum and Momordica Charantia
Preservatives play a vital role in maintaining the quality, safety, and shelf life of food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products by preventing microbial growth and oxidative deterioration. However, the widespread use of synthetic preservatives has raised health and safety concerns among consumers, leading to increased interest in natural alternatives. This review focuses on plant-derived natural preservatives, particularly essential oils and bioactive compounds obtained from Ocimum basilicum (basil) and Momordica charantia (bitter gourd). Essential oils extracted from basil are rich in biologically active constituents such as linalool, eugenol, and estragole, which exhibit strong antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. These properties make basil oil an effective natural preservative for food packaging and processing applications. Similarly, Momordica charantia contains diverse phytochemicals including triterpenes, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and insulin-like peptides, contributing to its antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and nutraceutical properties. The review highlights extraction methods, chemical composition, mechanisms of antioxidant action, and the potential applications of these plant-based preservatives. Overall, natural preservatives derived from plants offer a safer, sustainable, and health promoting alternative to synthetic preservatives, supporting their increasing use in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Natural Preservatives, Essential oils, Ocimum basilicum, Momordica charantia, Antimicrobial activity, Food Preservatives.