International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
Welcome to IJRPP, International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics (IJRPP) is a peer-reviewed, Quarterly official international journal allowing access to abstracts and full-text. The journal is devoted to the promotion of pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines (Pharmacology, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry & Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical & Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics & Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics including biotechnology, cell & molecular biology, Pharmaceutical biotechnology/microbiology, medical and other life sciences). ISSN - International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics Online : 2278-2656 Print : 2278-2648 International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics seeks to foster multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, pharmaceutical industries and healthcare sector as well as provide an international forum for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and opinions in pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines. Although primarily devoted to original research papers, the journal particularly welcomes reviews on current topics of special interest and relevance. All manuscripts will be subjected to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not already under consideration for publication) will be published. EDITOR.
Futuristic Publications, 408, Sai Satya Nilayam, Road No.1, Shankar Nagar, Peerzadiguda, Hyderabad-500039, Telangana.
Formulation and Evaluation of Poly Herbal Soap
Herbal soap preparation is a medicine or drugs it contain Antibacterial and Antifungal agents which are mainly uses the parts of plants such as leaves, seeds, flowers and fruits to treatment for a injury or disease or to achieve good health. Herbal soaps contain the natural goodness of nature, and this makes them nourishing, healthy and beautiful for skin. It provides comfort, healing and stress relief as well. Soaps having the properties are cleaning the skin to remove the dirt and oil. So, every person wants a clean and healthy skin. Now-a-day’s herbal soaps are in the part of herbal cosmetics to treat the skin diseases, infections and also don’t have any side effects on human body it contain several active ingredients. Polyherbal soap was formulated by using leaves extract of Thumbai leaves (Leucas aspera), Lantana leaves (lantana camera), Coconut oil (Cocos nucifera), Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis), Rose water (Rosa Damascena). Thumbai leaves and Lantana leaves have been demonstrated to exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, fungicidal and insecticidal properties. Aloe extracts shows Anti-aging properties. Rose water show rejuvenating and prove to be a tonic. Saffron having antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The prepared formulations was evaluated for various parameters like Color, odor, appearance, PH, foam height, foam retention, percentage free alkali, alcohol insoluble matter, moisture content, total fatty matter, antimicrobial testing, antioxidant activity of poly-herbal formulation.
Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antimicrobial, Anti fungal, Anti-aging, Poly Herbs
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation Of Anti-Anxiety And Anticonvulsant Potential Of Ochna Vibecarpa Leaf Extracts
Medicinal plants are an important source of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications in neurological disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-anxiety and anticonvulsant activities of leaf extracts of Ochna vibecarpa, a plant belonging to the family Ochnaceae and traditionally used for various medicinal purposes. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, proteins, and resins. The anxiolytic activity was assessed using Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Open Field Test (OFT) models in Wistar rats, while anticonvulsant activity was evaluated using Maximal Electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure models. The animals were treated with two doses of Ochna vibecarpa extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg), and their effects were compared with standard drugs such as diazepam and phenytoin. The results demonstrated a significant increase in open arm entries and time spent in open arms in the EPM test, along with increased locomotor activity in the OFT, indicating notable anxiolytic effects. In anticonvulsant studies, the extract produced a dose-dependent reduction in seizure duration in MES models and significantly delayed seizure onset in PTZ-induced convulsions, with 100% protection observed at both dose levels. The higher dose (200 mg/kg) showed effects comparable to standard drugs.The findings suggest that Ochna vibecarpa leaf extract possesses significant anti-anxiety and anticonvulsant activities, which may be attributed to its phytochemical constituents and possible modulation of neurotransmitter systems. This study supports its traditional use and highlights its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for neurological disorders.
Ochna vibecarpa, Anti-anxiety activity, Anticonvulsant activity, Elevated Plus Maze, Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), Maximal Electroshock (MES)
Cardioprotective Potential of A Polyherbal Combination Of Tinospora Cordifolia, Boerhaviadiffusa, And Glycyrrhiza Glabra Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Cardiovascular diseases remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, with drug-induced cardiotoxicity posing a significant clinical challenge. The present study investigates the cardioprotective potential of a polyherbal combination consisting of Tinospora cordifolia, Boerhavia diffusa, and Glycyrrhiza glabra against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. The plant materials were collected, authenticated, and subjected to extraction using suitable solvents, followed by phytochemical screening and pharmacological evaluation. In vitro antioxidant activity of the polyherbal extract was assessed using lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide scavenging, DPPH free radical scavenging, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Among various combinations, the optimized ratio demonstrated significant antioxidant potential. Acute toxicity studies confirmed the safety of the extract up to 2000 mg/kg, and doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg were selected for in vivo studies. Cardioprotective activity was evaluated using doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity models in Wistar rats. Treatment with the polyherbal extract resulted in a significant reduction in serum cardiac biomarkers such as creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total protein levels compared to disease control groups. Histopathological examination further confirmed the protective effects, showing preservation of myocardial architecture and reduced cellular damage. The results suggest that the polyherbal formulation possesses significant cardioprotective activity, likely mediated through its antioxidant properties and ability to mitigate oxidative stress. This study supports the therapeutic potential of plant-based formulations in managing drug-induced cardiotoxicity.
Polyherbal formulation, Cardioprotective activity, Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, Antioxidant activity, Tinospora cordifolia, Boerhavia diffusa, Glycyrrhiza glabra
Neuraopharmacological Insights Into The Anxiolytic And Anti-Depressant Effects Of Tephrosia Purpurea Root Extract
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers., an important medicinal plant in Ayurveda, has been widely used for the treatment of various ailments including liver disorders, inflammation, infections, and wound healing. The present study aimed to explore the neuropharmacological potential of the methanolic root extract of Tephrosia purpurea, focusing on its anxiolytic and antidepressant activities. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of bioactive constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and tannins. The anxiolytic activity was evaluated using behavioral models such as the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Open Field Test (OFT), and Light–Dark model in Swiss albino mice. Antidepressant activity was assessed using the Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST). The extract was administered at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg and compared with standard drugs such as diazepam and imipramine. The results demonstrated a significant increase in time spent in open arms and number of entries in EPM, along with enhanced locomotor activity in OFT and increased time spent in the light compartment, indicating anxiolytic effects. In antidepressant models, the extract significantly reduced immobility time in both FST and TST in a dose-dependent manner. The highest dose (500 mg/kg) exhibited effects comparable to standard drugs. The findings suggest that the methanolic root extract of Tephrosia purpurea possesses significant anxiolytic and antidepressant activities, which may be attributed to its phytochemical constituents and possible interaction with GABAergic and monoaminergic systems. This study supports its traditional use and highlights its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for neurological disorders.
Tephrosia purpurea, Anxiolytic activity, Antidepressant activity, Methanolic root extract, Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Forced Swim Test (FST)
Danger Bells of the 3 P’s: Plastic, Petroleum, And Pesticides – A Looming Global Crisis with Special Reference to India
The intertwined crises of plastic, petroleum, and pesticide pollution now constitute a “triple planetary crisis” affecting climate, health, and food security worldwide (1,2). India, as a rapidly industrializing and densely populated nation, stands at the epicentre of these overlapping threats (1, 3). Plastic production, derived largely from fossil‑fuel feedstocks, contributes to greenhouse‑gas emissions while generating massive waste fluxes, with India emitting nearly 9.3 million tonnes of plastic waste annually (3,4). Concurrently, rising petroleum dependence drives India’s CO₂ emissions upward, now projected to grow by 4.6% in 2024, the highest among major economies (5, 6). In parallel, pesticide use has surged to over 68,000 tonnes per year, with residues detected in staple foods such as rice and pulses, raising concerns about neurodevelopmental, carcinogenic, and chronic disease risks (7, 8). Recent revisions of India’s Plastic Waste Rules (2025), the Single‑Use Plastic (Regulation) Act (2024), and evolving pesticide‑regulatory frameworks indicate policy momentum, but implementation gaps, weak enforcement, and suboptimal integrated pest‑management adoption remain barriers (9,7). This review synthesizes scientific evidence, policy developments, and emerging interventions to mitigate the triple‑P crisis, with implications for environmental public‑health and pharmaceutical‑practice frameworks in India and globally (10, 11).
Plastic pollution; petroleum dependence; pesticide residues; climate change; India; environmental health; pharmaceutical policy.
Stability Study of Syrup Vs Tablet Formulation of an Anti-Viral Drug Using UV Spectrophotometer
Stability testing is a fundamental requirement within pharmaceutical development ensure indicating that drug products maintain their safety, efficacy, and quality throughout their shelf life (9). The evaluation of stability involves monitoring physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics as per controlled environmental conditions since as temperature, humidity, light-induced exposure (9) UV-visible spectrophotometry is generally employed in stability studies caused by its simplicity, expedited analysis, cost-effectives, suitability for routine quality control applications (7, 18). Tablet and syrup dosage forms differ significantly in their composition, physical nature, and degradation behavior, so that influences analytical approaches used for stability assessment (15, 16).Solid dosage is the forms like tablets generally exhibit greater stability compared to liquid formulations due to they lack free water which promotes hydrolysis (15).Syrup formulation, being aqueous system, occur more susceptible to hydrolytic degradation, oxidation, microbial contamination (14, 15). Numerous validated UV spectrophotometric methods have been developed for stability evaluation of both solid and liquid drug formulation forms within accordance with ICH guidelines (1, 8). This review acutely compares stability studies of syrup and tablet formulations with the help of UV-visible spectrophotometry, highlighting analytical challenges, forced degradation strategies, validation requirements, and regulatory considerations (8, 9).
Stability study, UV-Visible spectrophotometry; Syrup formulation, Tablet formulation, forced degradation, ICH guideline
BIOACTIVE PHYTOCONSTITUENTS FOR HAIR GROWTH: SIGNALLING PATHWAYS AND EMERGING DELIVERY SYSTEM
Alopecia, commonly known as hair loss, is a multifactorial dermatological condition that affects both men and women globally. It poses aesthetic, psychological, and emotional challenges. Current treatments such as minoxidil and finasteride offer efficacy but are often associated with undesirable side effects. Consequently, the search for alternative therapies has led to increased interest in plant-derived bioactive compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of herbal and phytochemical agents that promote hair growth, their mechanisms of action, and their potential integration into clinical practice. Eighteen medicinal plants traditionally used for hair restoration are discussed, with emphasis on their pharmacological mechanisms, key phytoconstituents, and experimental or clinical evidence. The review also explores future trends, including the role of nanotechnology, stem cell therapy, and gene modulation in alopecia management.
Alopecia, Herbal Medicine, Hair Loss, Phytochemicals, Hair Growth, Natural Therapy
Nanotechnology is an emerging technology with the potential to revolutionize the design, synthesis, and application of material at the nanometre level, which may range from 1 to 100 nanometres. When the material dimension reduces to the nano level, the physicochemical properties of the material get enhanced and produce unique optical and mechanical properties, which are not seen in the material at the macro level. Among the numerous nanomaterials synthesized, nanoparticles and nanofibers are found to be of great interest because of their substantial properties and applications. Zero-dimensional nanostructures, commonly known as nanoparticles, are highly suitable for drug targeting, imaging, and diagnostics because of its size and high surface-to-volume ratio. They help in the controlled release of medicated formulation, increase the bioavailability of the drug, and inhibit systemic side effects. For instance, nanofibers, which are one-dimensional nanomaterials with a size in the nanometric region and longer in the micrometre region, find applications in tissue repair, biosensors, tissue engineering, wound dressing, superior tissue compatibility, high pore absorption, high flexibility, as well as applications in the field of biosensors. The relevance of nanoparticles and nanofibers has applications in a wide spectrum of fields such as pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, environmental studies, and storage materials. Some of the most prominent applications of these nanoparticles are in the field of anticancer therapies, antimicrobial applications, regenerative medicine, biosensors, and smart fabrics. With rapid progress being made in their production as well as their characterization, the future of nanoparticles and nanofibers holds a promising future. The current research being carried out pertains to the development of multi-functional nanomaterials.
Nanotechnology; Nanoparticles; Nanofibers; Drug delivery systems; Electrospinning; Controlled release; Biomedical applications; Tissue engineering; Surface modification; Nano-scale materials; Biocompatibility; Targeted therapy
Formulation, Evaluation and Analysis of Antidandruff Activity of Polyherbal Shampoo
Dandruff is a chronic, relapsing scalp disorder characterized by excessive scaling, pruritus, and mild inflammation, predominantly associated with the proliferation of Malassezia species. Conventional anti-dandruff treatments rely on synthetic antifungal agents such as Ketoconazole and Zinc pyrithione, which may produce adverse effects upon long-term use. The present investigation aimed to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal anti-dandruff shampoo using extracts of Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, and Aloe vera. Ethanolic extracts were prepared via maceration and incorporated into a shampoo base. The formulations were evaluated for physicochemical properties including pH, viscosity, surface tension, solid content, and foaming ability. Antifungal activity was assessed against Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion method. Among the tested formulations (1:1:1, 2:1:1, 3:1:1), the 3:1:1 ratio demonstrated the highest antifungal activity with a maximum zone of inhibition of 23 mm. The results suggest that the optimized polyherbal shampoo possesses promising antifungal potential and acceptable cosmetic properties, supporting its use as a safer alternative to synthetic formulations.
Polyherbal shampoo; Anti-dandruff; Pityriasis capitis; Malassezia; Aloe vera; Hibiscus rosa-sinensis; Ocimum tenuiflorum L; Antifungal activity; Herbal formulation.
mRNA Therapeutics beyond Vaccines: Emerging Applications and Clinical Frontiers
Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics have revolutionized the biomedical landscape, particularly through their pivotal role in the development of COVID-19 vaccines. However, recent advances underscore the broader potential of mRNA technologies far beyond infectious diseases. This review explores emerging applications in oncology, rare genetic disorders, regenerative medicine, and protein replacement therapies. It provides a comprehensive analysis of molecular mechanisms, delivery platforms, clinical progress, manufacturing innovations, and safety considerations. Future directions include self-amplifying and circular RNA constructs, AI-optimized sequences, and synergistic use with CRISPR. By drawing from a spectrum of reputable academic, clinical, and industry sources, this article highlights how mRNA is evolving into a cornerstone of precision medicine and personalized therapeutics.
mRNA therapeutics, cancer immunotherapy, gene therapy, protein replacement, delivery systems, lipid nanoparticles, rare genetic disorders, regenerative medicine, self-amplifying RNA, circular RNA, personalized medicine
A gave Americana L: A Comprehensive Review on Ethno medicinal Uses and Pharmacological Properties
Agave americana L., a perennial succulent of the Asparagaceae family, is widely recognized for its ethnomedicinal, nutritional, and industrial significance. Traditionally, it has been used externally for wound healing, burns, skin infections, and joint pain, and internally for digestive disorders, diuretic purposes, respiratory problems, and liver protection. The plant is rich in bioactive compounds including steroidal saponins (hecogenin, tigogenin), flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), phenolic acids (caffeic, ferulic acid), agavins, alkaloids, and tannins, which confer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective activities. Nutritionally, agave serves as a source of natural sweeteners, prebiotic fibers, and edible plant parts, while its fibers are used for ropes, mats, and household tools. This review highlights the phytochemistry, pharmacological significance, traditional uses, and commercial applications of Agave americana, emphasizing its potential in modern nutraceutical and pharmaceutical development.
A gave americana L., Phytochemicals, Pharmacological activity, Medicinal plant,
Development of Buccal Patches Using Quality by Design
The introduction of pharmacotherapy with macromolecules, including peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids, has revolutionized modern pharmacotherapy because of their highly site-specific action and excellent toxicity profiles. Despite their superior pharmacological effectiveness, macromolecular agents are faced with critical delivery challenges that seriously limit their clinical applications. Considerable pre systemic elimination, acidic digestive degradation of the stomach, and poor oral bioavailability pose significant barriers to effective therapeutic response. More conventional methods of parenteral administration, while eliminating GI barriers, impose disadvantages like high cost, poor patient compliance, frequent administration, and complications associated with invasive therapy. Buccal patch technology has emerged as a novel alternative delivery platform designed to overcome these formulation challenges. Positioned between the upper gingiva and the buccal mucosa, these patches allow for drug absorption through highly permeable buccal mucosa. The main advantage of this route is direct access to the systemic circulation through the internal jugular vein, thereby avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism and significantly improving the bioavailability. The buccal mucosa presents ideal characteristics for drug delivery, such as easy accessibility, high permeability, and rich vascularity, thus making it suitable for both topical and systemic active applications. Application of (QbD) principles in the development of buccal patches offers an avenue for systematic optimization and scientific rigor during formulation. The approach starts with the definition of QTPP, which is followed by systematic identification of critical quality attributes, including mucoadhesive strength, drug content uniformity, surface pH, and controlled-release characteristics. Careful optimization of CMAs and CPPs allows product developers to achieve consistent product quality, enhanced bioavailability, and superior therapeutic efficacy while adhering to regulatory compliance. It also covers some of the basic aspects of buccal patch technology: anatomy and physiology of buccal mucosa, mechanisms of drug permeation, theories governing mucoadhesion, formulation design strategies, and standardized protocols for its evaluation. The amalgamation of QbD principles with buccal delivery technology offers a sound basis for the development of patient-friendly, efficient therapeutic systems for macromolecular drugs. This constitutes a meaningful advance in transmucosal drug delivery because of its better bioavailability, improved therapeutic response, and outstanding reproducibility that positions buccal patches for future pharmaceutical delivery systems.
Buccal patches, mucoadhesive drug delivery, first-pass metabolism, bioavailability enhancement, trans mucosal absorption, macromolecular drugs.
A Comprehensive Review of Mentha Arvensis
Mentha arvensis Linn. (field mint), a perennial aromatic herb of the family Lamiaceae, is widely valued for its medicinal, pharmaceutical, and industrial significance. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of Mentha arvensis, encompassing its botanical description, taxonomical classification, geographical distribution, cultivation practices, and phytochemical composition. Special emphasis is placed on its essential oil, which is rich in menthol and other bioactive constituents such as terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. The review also summarizes physicochemical properties essential for quality control and standardization. Traditional uses in Ayurveda, Unani, and folk medicine are critically correlated with modern pharmacological studies. Experimental evidence supports a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, gastroprotective, analgesic, hepatoprotective, and radioprotective effects. Overall, Mentha arvensis emerges as an important medicinal plant bridging traditional knowledge and contemporary scientific research.
Mentha arevensis, flavonoids, lamiacae, Physicochemical Properties, Pharmacological Activities
Introduction: Imidazole and its derivatives have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their broad spectrum of biological activities. This heterocyclic moiety is of significant interest to medicinal chemists for exploring its diverse pharmacological potential. The present article reviews the chemistry of imidazole and highlights its pharmacological activities, including antihelmintic, anticancer, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects, based on studies of various synthesized derivatives. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature survey was conducted using research articles and published reports that describe the chemistry of imidazole and the pharmacological evaluation of its structurally modified derivatives. Results: Available data indicate that imidazole, a heteroatomic planar five-membered ring system, exhibits versatile chemistry with diverse physicochemical properties. These properties can be effectively modulated through structural modifications, leading to derivatives with varied pharmacological activities. The present review summarizes the effects of different substituents and moieties incorporated into the imidazole nucleus and their influence on biological activity. Conclusion: The review discusses various synthetic approaches to imidazole and its derivatives, emphasizing their chemical characteristics. Based on these chemical insights, different substituted and fused imidazole compounds are analyzed for their potential pharmacological applications.
Anthelmintic, Anticancer, Antifungal, Anti-inflammatory, Imidazole.
Evaluation of In-Vitro Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of A Combination of Horsegram and Tamarind Seeds
Urolithiasis is a prevalent urinary disorder characterized by the formation of crystalline stones, primarily composed of calcium oxalate. The present study aims to evaluate the in vitro anti-urolithiatic activity of a combination of Tamarindus indica Linn. and Macrotyloma uniflorum seed extracts. Both seeds have a long history of traditional use in the management of kidney stones. The powdered seeds were extracted using suitable aqueous/ethanolic solvent systems and evaluated using in vitro calcium oxalate nucleation, crystal growth inhibition, and aggregation assays. The inhibitory activity of the combined extract was compared with a standard anti-urolithiatic drug. Results revealed a dose-dependent inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal formation. The combination extract showed significant reduction in nucleation, growth, and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals, indicating a synergistic effect of phytoconstituents present in both seeds. The findings support the traditional use of these plant seeds and suggest their potential role in the prevention and management of urolithiasis.
Urolithiasis; Calcium oxalate; Tamarindus indica; Macrotyloma uniflorum; In vitro anti-urolithiatic activity
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face Serum by Using Nelumbo Nucifera for Treating Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation is a common dermatological condition characterized by excessive melanin production, leading to uneven skin tone and aesthetic concerns. The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate a herbal face serum incorporating Nelumbo nucifera extract for the management of hyperpigmentation, utilizing its antioxidant, anti-melanogenic, and skin-protective properties. Fresh leaves of Nelumbo nucifera were collected, authenticated, and subjected to physicochemical evaluation, followed by extraction using 70% ethanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, and steroids. Quantitative analysis revealed a high total phenolic content (220.9 ± 0.83 µg GAE/mg), indicating strong antioxidant potential. The herbal face serum was formulated using suitable excipients including aloe vera gel, glycerine, xanthan gum, vitamin E acetate, and rose water. The formulation was evaluated for physicochemical parameters such as appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, refractive index, and stability, all of which were found to be within acceptable limits. The serum exhibited a skin-compatible pH (6.1 ± 0.05), good spreadability, and non-greasy texture, indicating high cosmetic acceptability. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH free radical–scavenging assay. The extract showed significant activity (79.3 ± 0.7% inhibition at 100 µg/mL), while the formulated serum demonstrated comparable activity (73.8 ± 0.9%), confirming retention of bioactivity after formulation. Overall, the study demonstrates that Nelumbo nucifera extract can be effectively incorporated into a stable and cosmetically acceptable herbal face serum with significant antioxidant activity. The formulation shows promising potential as a safe, natural alternative for the management of hyperpigmentation and warrants further clinical evaluation.
Nelumbo nucifera, Herbal face serum, Hyperpigmentation, Antioxidant activity, DPPH assay, Phytochemical screening, Total phenolic content.
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles play a central role in medicinal chemistry, particularly in the development of anticancer therapeutics. Among these, the indole nucleus has attracted sustained interest owing to its structural versatility, favorable physicochemical properties, and ability to interact with diverse biological targets. A wide range of indole-based compounds, including natural products, semi-synthetic analogues, and fully synthetic derivatives, have demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity across multiple cancer models. The anticancer effects of indole derivatives arise from their capacity to modulate key molecular pathways involved in tumor growth and survival, such as kinase-mediated signaling, epigenetic regulation, DNA-processing enzymes, and microtubule dynamics. Clinically approved drugs such as vincristine and vinblastine exemplify the therapeutic relevance of this scaffold and continue to inspire the design of next-generation indole analogues with improved selectivity and pharmacokinetic performance. This review highlights recent advances in indole-based anticancer agents, emphasizing their mechanisms of action, structural diversity, and future potential in oncology drug discovery.
Antiproliferative activity, kinase-mediated signaling, epigenetic.
Tumor Microenvironment in Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis: Mechanistic Perspectives
Breast cancer progression and metastatic dissemination are not solely determined by intrinsic tumor cell properties but are profoundly influenced by the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME comprises a dynamic network of stromal cells, immune infiltrates, endothelial cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), soluble mediators, and metabolic gradients that collectively regulate tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. Reciprocal interactions between malignant epithelial cells and stromal components activate multiple signalling pathways, including TGF-β, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, and hypoxia-inducible factor signalling, which orchestrate epithelial–mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix remodelling, and metastatic niche formation. Cancer-associated fibroblasts remodel the ECM and secrete pro-tumorigenic cytokines, while tumor-associated macrophages and regulatory T cells suppress anti-tumor immunity and facilitate angiogenesis. Hypoxia and acidic metabolism further enhance genomic instability and drug resistance. Emerging evidence highlights the plasticity of the TME and its role in shaping therapeutic responses, emphasizing the importance of targeting stromal and immune components alongside tumor cells. Advances in single-cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomic, and organoid co-culture models have refined our understanding of cellular heterogeneity and intercellular crosstalk within breast tumors. This review synthesizes mechanistic insights into the cellular, molecular, and biophysical determinants of the breast cancer TME, emphasizing their contribution to invasion and metastasis. Understanding these complex interactions offers opportunities for developing precision therapeutics that modulate the microenvironment to enhance treatment efficacy and overcome resistance.
Tumor microenvironment; Breast cancer; Metastasis; Immune modulation; Extracellular matrix.
Sunscreen: An Updated Review on UV Protection, Efficacy and Safety
Sunscreen is used to protect against ultraviolet rays from the sun. Sunscreen works by using ultraviolet light. When applied to the skin, the first type of mechanism reflects UV rays, while the second type absorbs UV rays and transforms them into heat energy for the human body. The medication is more effective against UV rays when it is infused into sunscreen. The SPF is greater when medications are used in sunscreen than when standard sunscreens are sold on the market (1, 2). Frequent use of sunscreen will leave the skin smooth and hydrated, preserving its natural color and shielding it from UV-induced color damage. The possibility that a sunscreen product will succeed after development is confirmed by the four fundamental criteria of effectiveness, safety, registration, and patent freedom. Sunblock formulae must be created to prevent sunburn, sun tanning, skin melanoma, and early fine lines and wrinkles in addition to increasing the degree of sun protection factor (SPF) (4, 5). Sunscreens are frequently used to protect the skin from the sun's harmful rays and reduce the risk of sun-induced skin disorders. Broad-spectrum sunscreens are now being researched in an effort to mitigate the long-term effects of excessive UV exposure. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant with photoprotective qualities that is vital to human health (3, 4).
Sunscreen, UV Radiation, SPF, Photoprotection, Skin Cancer, UVA/UVB
Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Review of Cissus Rotundifolia
Cissus rotundifolia* Lam. (Vitaceae) is a medicinal and edible plant traditionally used in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula for the treatment of diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, infections, and nutritional deficiencies. The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition, nutritional value, functional properties, and ethnomedicinal relevance of *C. rotundifolia*, with special emphasis on flavonoids, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Plant materials were collected from mountainous regions of Yemen and subjected to proximate analysis, mineral profiling, vitamin estimation, organic acid analysis, and functional property evaluation using standard analytical methods. Flavonoid compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC, supported by UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopic techniques. DNA fingerprinting was also performed to support molecular identification and genetic characterization of the species. The results revealed that *C. rotundifolia* leaves are rich in proteins, crude fiber, essential minerals, vitamins C and E, and bioactive flavonoids, indicating strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial potential. Functional property analysis demonstrated good water and oil absorption capacities, solubility, and foaming ability, supporting its suitability for food and pharmaceutical applications. The findings scientifically validate the traditional uses of *C. rotundifolia* and highlight its potential as a valuable nutraceutical and medicinal resource, providing a foundation for future pharmacological and industrial studies.
Cissus rotundifolia, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial activity, women health, organic acid analysis, vitamin content Analysis.
Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni: Phytochemistry, Ethnomedicinal Uses and Therapeutic Potential of A Natural Non-Caloric Sweetener
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a perennial herb belonging to the family Asteraceae, has gained global attention as a natural non-caloric sweetener and a medicinal plant with diverse therapeutic benefits. Traditionally used by indigenous communities of South America, stevia has been widely adopted in modern food and pharmaceutical industries due to the presence of intensely sweet diterpene glycosides such as sativoside and rebaudioside. This review provides a comprehensive overview of Stevia rebaudiana, including its botanical description, geographical distribution, ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemical constituents, and biochemical and nutritional properties. The plant is rich in bioactive compounds such as steviol glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, alkaloids, sterols, and volatile constituents, which contribute to its antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, and cardioprotective activities. Additionally, stevia exhibits favorable nutritional characteristics, including low caloric value and beneficial carbohydrate and protein content, making it suitable for diabetic and health-conscious individuals. The growing scientific evidence supports the traditional claims of stevia and highlights its potential as a safe natural alternative to synthetic sweeteners, as well as a promising candidate for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni: steviol glycosides, rebaudioside , flavonoids , phenolic acid, anti diabetic activity , anti hypertensive activity
The Review Study on Implication of Cervical Spine Degenerative and Traumatic Disease in the Pathogenesis of Cervical Vertigo
Cervical spondylosis is a common degenerative disorder of the cervical spine associated with aging, trauma, and mechanical stress. It involves progressive intervertebral disc degeneration, osteophyte formation, ligament thickening, and facet joint changes that may lead to nerve root or spinal cord compression. Besides neck pain and neurological deficits, increasing evidence suggests that cervical degenerative and traumatic conditions contribute to the development of cervical vertigo and may influence auditory symptoms, including hearing disturbances. Cervical vertigo is primarily attributed to altered cervical proprioceptive input arising from degenerated discs and facet joints. Conservative management, including medications and physical therapy, is effective in most cases, while surgery is reserved for refractory patients with structural compression. This review summarizes the anatomical basis, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic strategies related to cervical spine degenerative and traumatic disorders in the pathogenesis of cervicogenic dizziness and associated auditory manifestations.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
A Critical Review of Surapunnaga (Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. & Hook. f.) - Bridging Traditional Ayurvedic Knowledge and Modern Pharmacology
Introduction: Surapunnaga (Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. & Hook. f.) is a traditionally important Ayurvedic drug mainly indicated in Kushtha (skin disorders), Vrana (wounds), and inflammatory conditions. The seed oil, popularly known as Tamanu oil, is extensively used in external therapeutic applications. Though classical texts describe its Kapha Vata hara and wound healing properties, comprehensive scientific validation and clinical standardization remain limited. This review aims to critically evaluate classical claims and correlate them with available modern pharmacological evidence. Methods: A narrative review was conducted by analyzing references from Ayurvedic classical texts including Nighantus and Samhitas, along with peer-reviewed research articles and pharmacological studies. Data related to Rasa Panchaka, traditional indications, phytochemical constituents, experimental pharmacology, and therapeutic applications were compiled and comparatively assessed. Results: Classically, Surapunnaga is described as Madhura, Kashaya rasa, Laghu, Ruksha guna, Sheeta veerya, and Madhura vipaka, predominantly pacifying Kapha and Pitta doshas. It is mainly indicated in skin diseases, chronic non-healing ulcers, pruritus, and inflammatory swellings. Modern pharmacological studies demonstrate anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound-healing activities. Bioactive constituents such as calophyllolide, inophyllums, flavonoids, and fatty acids contribute to these effects. Experimental models strongly support its topical efficacy in tissue regeneration and infection control; however, robust randomized clinical trials are lacking. Discussion: The available evidence indicates significant correlation between classical Ayurvedic descriptions and modern pharmacological findings, particularly in dermatological and wound management. The predominance of external use enhances its safety profile, though occasional skin sensitivity may occur. Limitations include insufficient large-scale clinical studies and lack of standardized formulations. Future research should focus on controlled clinical trials, dosage standardization, and safety evaluation to strengthen its therapeutic validation in contemporary practice. Conclusion: Surapunnaga is a valuable Ayurvedic medicinal plant widely used in skin disorders, wound healing, and inflammatory conditions. Traditional knowledge and modern studies both support its therapeutic potential. However, further well-designed clinical studies and standardization are needed to validate its safety, efficacy, and broader integration into evidence-based healthcare.
Surapunnaga, Medicinal plant review, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activities, Herbal therapeutics
Advances in Immunoassay Technologies: Comprehensive Insights into Principles, Applications, and Emerging Trends
Immunoassays are sensitive and specific analytical techniques that rely on antigen–antibody interactions to detect and quantify biomolecules in complex biological samples. It outlines the historical development of immunoassays, beginning with the pioneering radio immunoassay developed by Rosalyn S. Yalow and Solomon Person, based on the antigen–antibody specificity concept proposed by Paul Ehrlich, and later advancements such as ELISA introduced by Eva England and Peter Perlman, along with monoclonal antibody technology developed by Georges Kohler and César Mil stein. It summarizes major immunoassay formats, including competitive and sandwich assays, and key techniques such as ELISA, Possible spelling mistake found. immunoassay (CLIA), fluorescent immunoassay (FIA), radio immunoassay (RIA), Western blotting, flow cytometry, lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).It further highlights recent innovations such as multiplex platforms, nanotechnology-enhanced detection, microfluidic integration, digital immunoassays, and artificial intelligence–assisted analysis, emphasizing the expanding role of immunoassays in clinical diagnostics, biomedical research, pharmaceutical analysis, and point-of-care testing.
ELISA, Radioimmunoassay, Western blotting, Chemiluminescent immunoassay, Fluorescent immunoassay, Flow cytometry, Lateral flow immunoassay, Surface Enhanced Ramen Spectroscopy immunoassay
A Comprehensive Review of Mentha Piperita (Peppermint)
Herbal medicines form an integral component of traditional healthcare systems and continue to gain global importance due to their safety, accessibility, and therapeutic potential. Mentha piperita (peppermint), a perennial aromatic herb belonging to the family Lamiaceae, has been extensively utilized in traditional systems of medicine including Ayurveda, Unani, Chinese medicine, and Western herbal practices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of Mentha piperita with emphasis on its ethnomedicinal significance, botanical characteristics, geographical distribution, phytochemical constituents, extraction and isolation techniques, pharmacological activities, and commercial applications. Peppermint is rich in bioactive compounds such as menthol, menthone, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, stilbenes, and volatile oils, which contribute to its wide range of biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, neuroprotective, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and cardiovascular effects.The review also highlights the role of peppermint in modern pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and oral-care formulations. Overall, Mentha piperita represents a valuable medicinal plant with significant therapeutic potential, supporting its continued use in traditional medicine and its integration into modern healthcare systems.
Mentha Piperita, Bioactive Compounds, Extraction and Isolation, Phytochemical Constituents, Oral Care.
A Comprehensive Review of Cissus quarancularis
The plant's remarkable capacity to heal bones has earned it the nickname "Bone Setter." This publication covers in full the phytochemical composition, taxonomy, botanical description, and various pharmacological characteristics of Cissus quadrangularis. Among the plant's numerous bioactive components include flavonoids, triterpenoids, stilbenes, vitamins, minerals, phytosterols, and compounds that resemble anabolic steroids. Its wide range of biological activities, including as bone regeneration, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, anti-osteoporotic, and wound-healing properties, are caused by these ingredients. In addition, the overview discusses its traditional usage, marketed formulations, dosage forms, and future research opportunities. The therapeutic potential of Cissus quadrangularis as a useful herbal medication is highly supported by the available experimental and clinical data.
Cissus quadrangularis, Pirandai, Hadjod, Vitaceae, phytochemicals, pharmacological effects, osteoporosis, traditional medicine, and herbal remedies
PALMYRA PALM FRUIT AS AN ANTI INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY
The palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer L.) is a traditionally valued tropical plant widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia, particularly in India and Sri Lanka. Various parts of the plant have been utilized in indigenous medicine systems for centuries, with the fruit receiving increasing scientific attention due to its nutritional richness and therapeutic potential. The palmyra palm fruit contains diverse bioactive constituents including polyphenols, flavonoids, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant compounds that contribute to multiple pharmacological activities. Recent experimental and clinical investigations suggest that these phytochemicals play a significant role in modulating inflammatory pathways and improving glycemic control. Chronic inflammation and diabetes mellitus are closely interrelated metabolic disorders characterized by oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and altered cytokine production. Natural plant-based interventions have emerged as promising alternatives or adjunct therapies because of their safety profile and multifunctional biological effects. Evidence indicates that palmyra fruit extracts may inhibit inflammatory mediators, reduce oxidative damage, enhance insulin sensitivity, and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. This article reviews the pharmacological profile, existing literature, experimental evidence, and methodological approaches related to the anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities of palmyra palm fruit. The study aims to consolidate current knowledge and provide a scientific framework for future therapeutic and clinical investigations involving this underutilized functional food resource.
Palmyra palm fruit; Anti-inflammatory activity; Anti-diabetic activity; Phytochemicals; Oxidative stress; Functional food
Evaluation of Abnormal Gestation Induced by Corticostroids in Ivf [In Vitro Fertilisation] Procedure
Corticosteroids in IVF – Benefits and Risks: Corticosteroids like prednisolone and dexamethasone are utilized in IVF to enhance implantation by suppressing maternal immune responses and reducing uterine inflammation. While effective for patients with recurrent failure or autoimmune disorders, their use remains controversial due to significant maternal and fetal complications. Fetal risks include Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR), neonatal adrenal suppression, and congenital anomalies such as orofacial clefts or clubfoot. Furthermore, steroids can weaken the amniotic sac’s collagen structure, increasing the risk of Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) and neonatal sepsis. Maternally, prolonged use is associated with gestational diabetes, hypertension, and Cushingoid features like fluid retention and weight gain. Paradoxically, inappropriate steroid levels can disrupt the hormonal balance needed to sustain pregnancy, potentially leading to miscarriage. Due to these risks, safer immunomodulatory alternatives including IVIG, Tacrolimus, Hydroxychloroquine, and Intralipid therapy are increasingly preferred. When combined with nutritional support (Vitamin D, Omega-3s) and anti-inflammatory lifestyle adjustments, these alternatives aim to improve reproductive success while prioritizing maternal-fetal safety and reducing systemic side effects.
IVF, Corticosteroids; Immune Modulation; Implantation Success; FGR/IUGR, PROM, Gestational Diabetes; Preeclampsia; Congenital Anomalies; Adrenal Suppression, Placental Insufficiency; Immunomodulatory Alternatives (IVIG/Tacrolimus/HCQ)
INTERVENTIONAL STUDY OF LIQUID NITROGEN ON BREAST CANCER BY CRYOABLATION TECHNIQUE
Breast cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, creating a need for minimally invasive and cosmetically acceptable treatments. Cryoablation, a percutaneous technique using extreme cold to destroy malignant tissue, has emerged as an alternative to surgery in selected early-stage cases. This study examines the use of liquid nitrogen (−196°C) in breast cancer cryoablation, focusing on its mechanisms, procedure, material compatibility, dosing, and therapeutic outcomes. Freezing induces ice crystal formation, cellular dehydration, vascular damage, and tumor necrosis, while potentially stimulating anti-tumor immunity. Clinical evidence, including ICE3 trial results, reports a 96.39% five-year local recurrence-free survival rate in low-risk tumors under 1.5 cm, with minimal complications and excellent cosmetic outcomes, supporting its safety and effectiveness in carefully selected patients.
Breast Cancer, liquid Nitrogen, Cryoablation
RESVERATROL NANOFORMULATION FOR CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION AND THERAPY
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and conventional chemotherapy is often limited by non-specific targeting, systemic toxicity, and poor therapeutic efficacy. Recent advances in nanotechnology have introduced nanoformulation-based drug delivery systems as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations. Nanoparticles, typically below 100 nm in size, enhance drug stability, solubility, bioavailability, and selective accumulation in tumor tissues through passive and active targeting mechanisms such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Various nanoformulations including nanocrystals, nanocapsules, nanospheres, nanosponges, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, and vesicular systems have been explored for cancer therapy. Among chemopreventive agents, resveratrol—a natural polyphenolic compound—has gained significant attention due to its antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anticancer properties. However, its clinical application is limited by poor solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid metabolism. Nano-encapsulation of resveratrol effectively addresses these challenges by improving its pharmacokinetic profile, enhancing cellular uptake, and enabling controlled and targeted delivery. Resveratrol-based nanoformulations have demonstrated improved anticancer efficacy against various cancers, including breast, lung, colon, and prostate cancers, by modulating key molecular pathways and inducing apoptosis while reducing systemic toxicity. Thus, nanoformulation-based delivery of resveratrol represents a promising approach for effective cancer prevention and therapy.
Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapy, Resveratrol Nano-formulations, Targeted Drug Delivery Systems, Cancer Chemoprevention