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Abstract
The root of Plectranthus vettiveroides (Family: Lamiaceae), extract was investigated for its antiurolithiatic activity. Ethylene glycol (0.75% in water) feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and phosphate. Ethanolic extract (250 & 500 mg/kg) of P. vettiveroides was given orally in curative and preventive regimens over a period of 28 days. Supplementation with extract significantly (P < 0.001) lowered the urinary excretion and kidney retention levels of oxalate, calcium and phosphate. Furthermore, high serum levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid were significantly (P < 0.001) reduced by the extract. The results were comparable with the standard drug, cystone (750 mg/kg). The reduction of stone-forming constituents in urine and their decreased kidney retention reduces the solubility product of crystallizing salts such as calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, which could contribute to the antiurolithiatic property of the extract. These findings affirm assertions made regarding the effectiveness of the extract of this plant against urinary pathologies in Indian folk medicine.
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References
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- 2. Galani V. J. and Panchal R. R., In vitro evaluation of Centratherum anthelminticum seeds for antinephrolithiatic activity, Journal of Homeopathy & Ayurvedic Medicine. 2014; 3, https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1206.1000145.
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- 4. Jha R., Ramani P. T., Patel D., Desai S., and Meshram D., Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro urolithiatic activity of Peltophorum pterocarpum leaves (DC) Baker, Journal of medicinal plants studies. 2016; 4(3); 18–22.
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- 6. Prabhu VV, Sathyamurthy D, Ramasamy A, Das S, Anuradha M, Pachiappan S. Evaluation of protective effects of diosmin (a citrus flavonoid) in chemical-induced urolithiasis in experimental rats.Pharm Biol. 2016 Sep;54(9):1513-21.
- 7. D. Mishra, Medicinal plants for the treatment of fever (Jvarachikitsa) in the Madhavachikitsa tradition of India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 2009; 8(3):352-361.
- 8. S. K. Beesha, and V. Padmaja, Phytochemical evaluation of Coleus vettiveroides K. C. Jacob, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 2013; 5: 227-231.
- 9. Wang S, Li X, Bao J, Chen S.Protective potential of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide extract against ethylene glycol-induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis.Ren Fail. 2018;40(1):618-627.
- 10. Vasanthi AHR, Muthulakshmi V, Gayathri V, Manikandan R, Ananthi S, Kuruvilla S. Antiurolithiatic Effect of Sirupeelai Samoola Kudineer: A Polyherbal Siddha Decoction on Ethylene Glycol-induced Renal Calculus in Experimental Rats.Pharmacogn Mag. 2017;13(Suppl 2):S273-S279.
- 11. Das P, Kumar K, Nambiraj A, Rajan R, Awasthi R, Dua K, M H. Potential therapeutic activity of PhlogacanthusthyrsiformisHardow (Mabb) flower extract and its biofabricated silver nanoparticles against chemically induced urolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Int J BiolMacromol. 2017;103:621-629.
- 12. Velu V, Das M, Raj N AN, Dua K, Malipeddi H.Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti- urolithiatic activity of silver nanoparticles containing aqueous leaf extract of Tragiainvolucrata.Drug DelivTransl Res. 2017;7(3):439-449.
- 13. Prabhu VV, Sathyamurthy D, Ramasamy A, Das S, Anuradha M, Pachiappan S. Evaluation of protective effects of diosmin (a citrus flavonoid) in chemical-induced urolithiasis in experimental rats.Pharm Biol. 2016 Sep;54(9):1513-21.
- 14. Moriyama MT, Suga K et al., Inhibitions of urinary oxidative stress and renal calcium level by an extract of Quercus salicina Blume/Quercus stenophylla Makino in a rat calcium oxalate urolithiasis model. Int J Urol. 2009;16:397–401.
- 15. Misra HP, Fridovich I. The role of superoxide anion in the auto-oxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J.Biol Chem. 1972;247:3170-3175.
- 16. Sinha AK. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem. 1972;47(2):389-94.
- 17. Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959;82(1):70–77.
- 18. Alam Z, Fareed U. A Simple Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances in Fried Fast Foods. Journal of analytical methods in chemistry. 2016:1;1-6.
- 19. Ferguson LR, Philpott M, Karunasinghe N. Oxidative DNA damage and repair: significance and biomarkers. J Nutr. 2006;136(10):2687S–2689S.
- 20. Tripathi YB, Shukla S, Tripathi P. Medicinal plants of Rasayana roup as antioxidants. International Seminar on Free Radicals Mediated Diseases & Ayurveda, Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. 1996:A–33.
- 21. Purnima A, Basavaraj C, Koti AH. Vishwanathswamy. Anti-urolithiatic and antioxidant activity of Minusops elengi on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010;42(6):380–3.
- 22. Bashir S, Gilani AH, Siddiqui AA, et al. Berberis vulgaris root bark extract prevents hyperoxaluria induced urolithiasis in rats. Phytother Res. 2010;24(8):1250–1255.
- 23. Khan SR, Hackett RL. Retention of calcium oxalate crystals in renal tubules. Scanning Microsc. 1991;5(3):707–12.
- 24. Bijarnia RK, Kaur T, Aggarwal K, Singla SK, Tandon C. Modulatory effects of N- acetylcysteine on hyperoxaluric manifestations in rat kidney. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(6):2274–2278.
- 25. Khan SR. Hyperoxaluria-induced oxidative stress and antioxidants for renal protection. Urol Res. 2005;33(5):349–57.
References
1. Pise M. V., Sarkar S., Dubey R., and Padye R., Synadenium grantii leaf extract decreases the aggregation, nucleation and formation of urinary crystals, European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018; 5(8): 435-40.
2. Galani V. J. and Panchal R. R., In vitro evaluation of Centratherum anthelminticum seeds for antinephrolithiatic activity, Journal of Homeopathy & Ayurvedic Medicine. 2014; 3, https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1206.1000145.
3. Chandra R. C., In-vivo and in-vitro models for evaluating anti-urolithiasis activity of herbal drugs, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Bioscience. 2014; 3(5): 2277–8713.
4. Jha R., Ramani P. T., Patel D., Desai S., and Meshram D., Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro urolithiatic activity of Peltophorum pterocarpum leaves (DC) Baker, Journal of medicinal plants studies. 2016; 4(3); 18–22.
5. Achilles W., In vitro crystallisation systems for the study of urinary stone formation, World Journal of Urology. 1997; 15(4); 244–251, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01367662, 2-s2.0-0030625073.
6. Prabhu VV, Sathyamurthy D, Ramasamy A, Das S, Anuradha M, Pachiappan S. Evaluation of protective effects of diosmin (a citrus flavonoid) in chemical-induced urolithiasis in experimental rats.Pharm Biol. 2016 Sep;54(9):1513-21.
7. D. Mishra, Medicinal plants for the treatment of fever (Jvarachikitsa) in the Madhavachikitsa tradition of India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 2009; 8(3):352-361.
8. S. K. Beesha, and V. Padmaja, Phytochemical evaluation of Coleus vettiveroides K. C. Jacob, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 2013; 5: 227-231.
9. Wang S, Li X, Bao J, Chen S.Protective potential of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide extract against ethylene glycol-induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis.Ren Fail. 2018;40(1):618-627.
10. Vasanthi AHR, Muthulakshmi V, Gayathri V, Manikandan R, Ananthi S, Kuruvilla S. Antiurolithiatic Effect of Sirupeelai Samoola Kudineer: A Polyherbal Siddha Decoction on Ethylene Glycol-induced Renal Calculus in Experimental Rats.Pharmacogn Mag. 2017;13(Suppl 2):S273-S279.
11. Das P, Kumar K, Nambiraj A, Rajan R, Awasthi R, Dua K, M H. Potential therapeutic activity of PhlogacanthusthyrsiformisHardow (Mabb) flower extract and its biofabricated silver nanoparticles against chemically induced urolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Int J BiolMacromol. 2017;103:621-629.
12. Velu V, Das M, Raj N AN, Dua K, Malipeddi H.Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti- urolithiatic activity of silver nanoparticles containing aqueous leaf extract of Tragiainvolucrata.Drug DelivTransl Res. 2017;7(3):439-449.
13. Prabhu VV, Sathyamurthy D, Ramasamy A, Das S, Anuradha M, Pachiappan S. Evaluation of protective effects of diosmin (a citrus flavonoid) in chemical-induced urolithiasis in experimental rats.Pharm Biol. 2016 Sep;54(9):1513-21.
14. Moriyama MT, Suga K et al., Inhibitions of urinary oxidative stress and renal calcium level by an extract of Quercus salicina Blume/Quercus stenophylla Makino in a rat calcium oxalate urolithiasis model. Int J Urol. 2009;16:397–401.
15. Misra HP, Fridovich I. The role of superoxide anion in the auto-oxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J.Biol Chem. 1972;247:3170-3175.
16. Sinha AK. Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem. 1972;47(2):389-94.
17. Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959;82(1):70–77.
18. Alam Z, Fareed U. A Simple Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances in Fried Fast Foods. Journal of analytical methods in chemistry. 2016:1;1-6.
19. Ferguson LR, Philpott M, Karunasinghe N. Oxidative DNA damage and repair: significance and biomarkers. J Nutr. 2006;136(10):2687S–2689S.
20. Tripathi YB, Shukla S, Tripathi P. Medicinal plants of Rasayana roup as antioxidants. International Seminar on Free Radicals Mediated Diseases & Ayurveda, Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. 1996:A–33.
21. Purnima A, Basavaraj C, Koti AH. Vishwanathswamy. Anti-urolithiatic and antioxidant activity of Minusops elengi on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010;42(6):380–3.
22. Bashir S, Gilani AH, Siddiqui AA, et al. Berberis vulgaris root bark extract prevents hyperoxaluria induced urolithiasis in rats. Phytother Res. 2010;24(8):1250–1255.
23. Khan SR, Hackett RL. Retention of calcium oxalate crystals in renal tubules. Scanning Microsc. 1991;5(3):707–12.
24. Bijarnia RK, Kaur T, Aggarwal K, Singla SK, Tandon C. Modulatory effects of N- acetylcysteine on hyperoxaluric manifestations in rat kidney. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(6):2274–2278.
25. Khan SR. Hyperoxaluria-induced oxidative stress and antioxidants for renal protection. Urol Res. 2005;33(5):349–57.